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series in a closed form

Толкование Перевод

1 series in closed form

Математика: замкнутый ряд, ряд в замкнутом виде

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > series in closed form
2 series

1) серия; ряд; последовательность

2) геол. толща, свита

3) мат. прогрессия; ряд

expansion in a series — матем. разложение в ряд

series in a closed form — матем. ряд в замкнутом виде, замкнутый ряд

series in terms of powers of x — матем. ряд по степеням x

series with decreasing coefficients — матем. ряд с убывающими коэффициентами

to cut off a series — матем. обрывать ряд

to develop as series in x — матем. разлагать в ряд по степеням x

to expand in power series — матем. разлагать в степенной ряд

to expand into series — матем. разлагать в ряд

to express as power series — матем. выражать в виде степенного ряда

- absolutely convergent series
- absolutely divergent series - absolutely summable series
- adherent series

- adjoint series

- algebraic series

- allied series

- almost convergent series
- almost everywhere summable series - almost periodic series - almost stationary series - almost uniformly convergent series
- alternating series

- analytically continuable series

- anharmonic series

- approximately uniformly convergent series

- arithmetical series

- artificial series

- ascending power series

- ascending series

- associated series

- asymptotic series

- asymptotically stationary series

- autoregressive series

- azygetic series

- Balmer series

- basic series

- bilinear series

- binomial series

- biorthogonal series

- bivariate series

- bounded series

- boundedly convergent series

- canonical series

- cardinal series

- centering series

- central series

- channels in series

- characterictic series

- chief series

- commutatively convergent series

- complementary series

- complemented series

- complete series

- completely characteristic series
- completely convergent series - completely invariant series
- complex-valued series

- composition series

- conditionally convergent series
- configuration counting series - confluent hypergeometric series
- conjugate series

- continuable series

- continuous series

- contragrade series

- convergent series

- convergently beginning series

- convex series

- counting series

- cyclic series

- cyclometric series

- decreasing series

- degenerated series

- descending power series

- descending series

- deterministic series

- diagonal series

- diatomic series

- difference series

- dilution of series

- discrete series

- distribution series

- divergent series

- dominant series
- dominating series
- double series

- dynamic series

- eikonal series

- empirical series

- employment series

- enveloping series

- equiconvergent series

- equisummable series

- essentially convergent series
- essentially divergent series - everywhere convergent series - everywhere divergent series
- evolutive series

- exceptional series

- exponential series

- factorial series

- figure counting series

- filtered series

- finite series

- forecast series

- formal series

- fractional power series
- function counting series
- functional series

- gap series

- general series

- generalized series

- generating series

- heteromorphic series

- homologous series

- hyperconvergent series

- hypergeometric series

- ideal series

- incomplete theta series

- increasing series

- infinite series

- integro-power series

- interpolation series

- invariant series

- inverse power series
- inverse tangent series
- inverted series

- iterated series

- iterative series

- lacunary series

- Laurent series

- logarithmic series

- lower central series

- lower series

- majorant series

- majorizing series

- matrix power series

- matrix series

- mixed series

- monotonic decreasing series
- monotonic increasing series - multidimensional time series
- multiple series

- multiply asymptotic series
- multivariate time series
- natural series

- nearly poised series

- negative series

- nil series

- nonabsolutely convergent series

- nondegenerate series

- non-harmonic Fourier series
- nonuniformly convergent series
- normal series

- normally convergent series
- normally distributed series - normally summable series
- numerical series

- ordered series

- oscillating divergent series

- oscillating series

- p-adic series

- partial series

- periodical series

- permanently convergent series

- polychoric series

- polycyclic series

- polynilpotent series

- positive series

- primitive series

- principal series

- product series

- proper series

- properly divergent series

- pseudoconvergent series

- pseudoequivalence series

- quasieikonal series

- radical series

- random series

- randomly continuous series
- randomly ordered series
- real series

- reciprocal series

- recurring series

- regularly convergent series

- related series

- renormalizable series

- reordered convergent series

- repeated series

- restrictedly summable series

- reversion of series

- semiconvergent series

- semiinfinite series

- series of cosines

- series of curves

- series of equivalence

- series of events

- series of functions

- series of interpolation

- series of observations

- series of perspectivities

- series of positive terms

- series of sines

- series of terraces

- series of translates

- series of vectors

- sine series

- singular series

- slowly convergent series
- slowly oscillating series
- smoothed series

- smoothing series

- smoothly heteromorphic series

- spherical series

- static series

- stationary series

- stationary time series

- statistical series

- strongly lacunary series
- strongly summable series
- subinvariant series

- subnormal series

- temporal series

- tetrachoric series

- theta series

- time series

- transfinite central series

- trend-free series

- trend-reduced series

- triboelectric series

- trigonometric series

- truncated series

- two-fold series

- unconditionally centering series
- unconditionally convergent series - uniformly bounded series - uniformly divergent series
- uniformly equiconvergent series

- uniformly equisummable series
- uniformly summable series
- universal series

- unordered convergent series
- upper central series
- variational series

- vector series

- very strongly summable series

- virial series

- wandering series

- weighted series

- well-ordered series

- well-poised series

4) цикл, сериал

5) электр. последовательное соединение

•

connected in series with — электр. последовательно включённый

to place in series with — электр. включать последовательно

- series of hydroelectric stations

English-Russian scientific dictionary > series
3 form

1) анкета; бланк

2) вид; форма || придавать вид или форму

3) контур; очертание

4) конфигурация

5) разновидность

6) строит. опалубка; элемент опалубки

7) скамейка, лавочка

8) формуляр

9) составлять; образовывать

10) формироваться

•

calculation in a series form — матем. вычисление с помощью ряда

evaluation of indeterminate form — матем. раскрытие неопределённости

expression in a closed form — выражение в конечном виде

fraction in a factored form — матем. дробь в форме разложения на множители

in a functonal form — в виде функции

in an expanded form — в виде ряда; в развёрнутом виде

integration in a closed form — матем. интегрирование в конечном виде

in the form of — в виде

of closed form — матем. в конечном виде, с конечным числом членов

preparation of type form — полигр. чернение набора

reduction to a normal form — матем. приведение к нормальной форме

to be supplied in a knock-down form — поставляться в разобранном виде

to bring into a canonical form — матем. приводить к канонической форме; приводить к каноническому виду

to draw up in a draft form — составлять начерно

to form a knee — сгибаться под углом

to form a circle — замыкаться в кольцо; образовывать кольцо

to form an angle with — образовывать угол c

to form an erect image — давать прямое изображение

to present in a factor form — разлагать на множители

to rearrange in the form — переписывать в виде; преобразовывать к виду ( об уравнениях)

to reduce equation to a form — приводить уравнение к виду

to simplify to this form — упростить и привести к следующему виду

to take on a form — принимать форму; принимать вид

- abridged form

- absolute form

- absolutely bounded form
- absolutely convergent form - absolutely extreme form
- abstract form

- adjoint form

- alternating form

- antiholomorphic form

- antilinear form

- antisymmetric form

- arithmetical form

- assertional form

- asymptotic form

- autodual form

- automorphic form

- bihomogeneous form

- bilinear form

- binomial form

- biquadratic form

- blank form

- block form

- boundary form

- bounded form

- bundle form

- categorical form

- center-radius form

- characteristic form

- classical canonical form

- classically integral form

- closable form

- coclosed form

- coded form

- coercive form

- collapsible form

- combinatory form

- compact form

- complementary boundary form

- completely positive form

- complex form

- complex-valued form

- condensed form

- confluent form

- conjugate form

- conjunctive form

- connection form

- contact form

- contiguous form

- contracted form

- convergent form

- convex form

- copositive form

- cubic form

- curvature form

- cusp form

- decimal form

- decomposable form

- defined form
- definite form
- degenerate form

- diagonal form

- diagonalized form

- difference form

- differential form

- dimensionless form

- discontinuous form

- disjunctive form

- distributive form

- divergence form

- dominant form

- double form

- echelon form

- effective form

- elemental form
- elementary form - elimination form of inverse
- elliptic form

- enantiomorphous form

- equivalent forms

- equivariant form

- essentually definite form
- everywhere regular form - evolutionary operation form
- exact form

- expanded form

- explicit form

- exponential form

- extensive form

- exterior form

- extreme form

- fiber form

- final form

- first fundamental form

- flat form

- form of constraint

- functional form

- fundamental form

- gage form

- generalized form

- generally covariant form
- geodesic curvature form
- goniometric form

- ground form

- hemihedral form

- holohedral form

- homological form

- horizontal form

- hyperbolic form

- hypocontinuous form

- implicative form

- implicit form

- imprimitive form

- improperly primitive form
- indefinite form
- indeterminate form

- index form

- inertia form

- inhomogeneous modular form

- initial form

- integer form

- integrable form

- integrated form of equation

- integro-differential form

- integro-power form

- intercept form

- intersection form

- invariant form

- irreducible form

- irredundant form

- iteratable form

- iterated form

- krakowian form

- left-invariant form

- limiting form

- locally compactifiable form

- logarithmical form

- measurable form

- meromorphic form

- message form

- minimal form

- modular form

- m-sectorial form

- multilinear form

- multiplicative form

- name form

- n-ary form

- negative definite form

- negative form

- negative semidefinite form

- neutral form

- nondegenerate form

- nonfull form

- nonnegative definite form

- nonnegative form

- nonpositive definite form

- nonpositive form

- nonsingular form

- norm form

- normal disjunctive form

- normed form

- normic form

- nuclear bilinear form

- null form

- numerical form

- one-signed quadratic form

- open form

- operator form

- optically active form
- p-adically equivalent form
- parametric form

- perfect form

- Pfaffian form

- piecewise linear form

- point-direction form

- point-slope form

- polarization form

- polarized form

- polylinear form

- polynomial form

- positive semidefinite form

- predicate form

- prime form

- primitive quadratic form

- principal form

- product form

- projective form

- properly equivalent forms

- propositional form

- pseudoasymptotic form

- pseudoelliptical form

- pseudoholomorphic form

- pseudoquadratic form

- pseudovolume form

- quantifier form

- quartic form

- quasiasymptotic form

- quasibilinear form

- quasidiagonal form

- quasinatural form

- quasinormal form

- quasiregular form

- quaternary form

- quaternion form

- rational form

- real-valued form

- reciprocal form

- rectangular form of complex number

- reduced echelon form

- reduced form of quadratic equation

- reduced form

- reflexive form

- relative defferential form
- relatively bounded form - repair request form
- residual form

- residue form

- resolving form

- resultant form

- scalar form

- second fundamental form

- self-conjugate form

- self-dual form

- semibasic form

- semibilinear form

- semicanonical form

- semicontinuous form

- semidefinite form

- semidiscrete form

- semiequivalent form

- seminormal form

- separately continuous form

- sesquilinear form

- shape form

- sharp form

- sign-and-absolute-value form

- simplified form

- skew-symmetric form

- slope-intercept form

- smooth form

- solder form

- space form

- special minimal form

- spectral form

- spinor form

- statement form

- strictly positive form

- structural form

- supercusp form

- symbolic form

- symmetric form of equation

- symmetrized form

- symplectic form

- tensorial form

- ternary quadratic form
- third fundamental form
- three-point form

- torsion form

- totally continuous form
- totally definite form - totally discontinuous form
- trace form

- transposed form

- trilinear form

- triple-diagonal form

- two-intercept form

- two-point form

- unbounded form

- unit bilinear form

- unitary form

- vectorial form

- vector-valued form

- vicinal form

- weighted form of lemma

English-Russian scientific dictionary > form
4 замкнутый ряд

Mathematics: series in closed form

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > замкнутый ряд
5 ряд в замкнутом виде

Mathematics: series in closed form

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ряд в замкнутом виде
6 integration

1) интеграция

2) интегрирование || интегрирующий

3) комплексирование || комплексирующий

4) комплексность

5) компоновка

6) объединение

•

integration by partial fraction — мат. интегрирование методом разложения на элементарные дроби

integration by parts — мат. интегрирование по частям

integration by substitution — мат. интегрирование подстановкой

integration by use of series — мат. интегрирование путем разложения в ряд

integration in closed form — мат. интегрирование в конечном виде

integration in finite terms — мат. интегрирование между конечными пределами

integration on manifolds — мат. интегрирование на многообразиях

integration on curve — мат. интегрирование на кривой

integration on chains — мат. интегрирование на цепях

integration is over — интеграл берётся по

- abstract integration

- adaptive integration

- analytical integration

- approximate integration

- asymptotic integration

- automatic integration

- back integration

- bivariate integration

- coherent integration

- complete integration

- computer integration

- contour integration

- covariant integration

- definite integration

- devices integration

- formal integration

- forth integration

- forward integration

- fractional integration

- functional integration

- generalized integration

- group integration

- incoherent integration

- indefinite integration

- integration of infinite series

- invariant integration

- iterated integration

- iterative integration

- large-scale hybrid integration

- loop integration

- mechanical integration

- multiple integration

- n-dimensional integration

- partial integration

- point-by-point integration

- pulse integration

- rectangular integration

- repeated integration

- restricted integration

- saddle-point integration

- single integration

- small scale integration

- space integration

- spline integration

- symbolic integration

- symmetric integration

- systems integration

- tabular integration

- term-by-term integration

- termwise integration

- trapezoidal integration

- trivariate integration

- true integration

- vector integration

- weighted integration

English-Russian scientific dictionary > integration
7 solution

решение; раствор

— aircraft aspect solution

— boundary value solution

— boundary-layer solution

— cleaning solution

— closed form solution

— finite difference solution

— first-order solution

— integral-method solution

— internal flow solution

— lifting-surface solution

— matched asymptotic solution

— method-of-characterlstics solution

— Monte-Carlo solution

— nonsimllarity solution

— numerical solution

— quasisimilar solution

— series solution

— similar solution

— small-perturbation solution

— steady solution

— unsteady solution

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > solution
8 system

1) система; сеть; комплекс

2) установка, устройство

3) план; расположение

4) система; порядок; классификация

•

system in equilibrium — равновесная система

- system of beams
- system of catalogs - system of catalogues - system of forces - system of ground points - system of road signs - system of scaffolds - acoustic signalling system - active residential solar heating system - aeration system - air-brake system - air-comfort system - air-conditioning system - air-curtain system - air-foam system - airline system - airline vacuum system - air-pressure water system - all-outside air-conditioning system - arch system - arch-and-pier system - audible alarm system - Automated Data Management System in Building - ADMSB - automatic fire alarm system - balanced system of ventilation - bar system - basic system - beam system - blower system - British absolute system of units - building system - building central air conditioning system - building solar optical system - bypass pipe system - cable system - cantilever tieback system - cathodic protection system of pipelines - central fan electric heating system - central hot water supply system - check-board system - circulating water system - closed system - closed heat supply system - closed pipeline system - collecting system - colour spraying systems - combined extract-and-input system - combined sewerage system - community complete system in containers or skids - composite cable roof system - compressed-air system - computer-aided system - consolidated power system - control system of survey - cooling system - cooling pipe system - coordinate system - curing system - decimal system - designation system - discrete system - discrete-continual system - distributing system - district heating system - double-pipe system - double-pipeline system - double-pipe riser system - downward system of ventilation - drainage system - drencher system - drop system - dry pipe sprinkler system - dry return system - duct system - earthling system - ejector system - elastic system - electric heating system - embedded panel system - emergency power supply system - energy recovery system - engineer's system of units - filling system of navigation lock - filtration system - fire-alarm sounding system - fire-fighting system - fire-sprinkling system - fire warning system - fixing systems - flange system - flooding system - floor system - floor system of bridge - floor heating system - flow-through system - flue gas cleaning system - fluid power system - forced circulation system - four-axis system - framed system - gas heating system - glaze systems - gravity system - gravity water supply system - grid system - hazard system - heating system - heat pump system - heat supply system - high pressure air-conditioning system - high velocity air-conditioning system - hinged system - hoisting system - hot air system - hot blast system - hot water supply system - inflation system - instantaneously variable system - integral deck system - integrated dispatching system - invariable system - ion-exchange system - irrigation system - land system - large public water system - lateral system - left-handed system - lighting system - local air-conditioning system - lock-filling system - long-line system - low pressure air-conditioning system - low velocity air-conditioning system - low voltage system - main system - management system - measuring system - mechanical systems of a house - medium-size public water system - membrane system - metric system - modular coordinating space system - monitoring system - multistage gas supply system - network system - observing system - once-through system - one-layer cable system - one-pipe heating system - one-pipe loop system - open system - open heat supply system - open return system - overhead system of heating - overhead heating system - panel air system - panel cooling system - pipeline system - piping system - plane system - plumbing system - pollution control system - population settlement group system - post-tensioned system - potabilization system - power system - power-reservoir system - pressurized water treatment system - pre-tensioned system - primary system - public transport system - public water system - public waterworks system - quality control system - quarternary system - railroad system - recirculated heating system - recirculation duct air conditioning system - recool system - rectangular system of street layout - reliability coefficients system - remote control system - reusing water supply system - rigid cable roof system - ring heating system - roll-cap system - round duct system - safety valve of a hydraulic system - saprobity system - separate sewerage system - septic system - sewerage system - single duct air-conditioning system - single-stage system - single-track automatic block system - slab-stringer system - smoke-detector system - solar aquatic system - solar cooling system - solar heating system - solar thermal power system - space system - split system - sprinkler system - statically determinate system - statically indeterminate system - steel plate system - structural system - supply air system - suspension system - thermal reheat system - three-dimensional system - three-way system of reinforcement - thrust system - total energy system - two-dimensional system - two-duct air-conditioning system - two-layer cable roof system - two-pipe water heating system - underfloor heating system - underground cable system - unified modular coordination system - universal sewerage system - upfeed water heating system - up-lighting system - utility system - utility detection system - vacuum system - vandalproof system - variable air volume system - ventilation system - warning system - waste treatment system - waste water system - water system - water measuring systems - water purification system - water quality system - water quality indicator system - water supply system - water supply by zones system - water treatment systems - wind bracing system - zone system
* * *

1. система; сеть (напр. трубопроводов); устройство

2. способ, метод

system in equilibrium — равновесная система, система в состоянии равновесия
- system of forces
- system of masses
- system of scaffolds
- ABC system
- AC system
- acoustical ceiling system
- active solar energy system
- aesthetic value system
- air classification system
- air cycle refrigerating system
- airfield soil classification system
- air pollution control system
- air-to-air system
- air-to-water system
- air transport system
- alarm system
- all-air system
- all outside air system
- all-water coil system
- all water fan coil system
- approach lighting system
- arterial system
- Atterberg soil classification system
- audio alarm system
- automated casting system
- automatic fire alarm system
- automatic fire protection system
- automatic flushing system
- balanced system
- balanced system of streets
- balanced ventilation system
- bar system
- beam structural system
- bell alarm system
- Benoto piling system
- bivalent heat pump system
- bleed-in system
- blow and exhaust system
- blow through air-conditioning system
- blow through fan system
- bootstrap system
- box system
- bridge deck structured system
- British soil classification system
- building system
- building automation system
- building-drainage system
- building gravity drainage system
- building management system
- built-in dust suppression system
- burglar alarm system
- cable system
- central air heating system
- central fan system
- centralized hot-water supply system
- central plant air conditioning system
- changeover system
- circulating system
- circulation water supply system
- circulation water system
- closed system
- closed heat-supply system
- closed-loop heat pump system
- closed-type steam heating system
- coding system
- cogeneration system
- cold supply system
- collapsing-ring bridge rail system
- combined drainage system
- combined sewage system
- complanar system of structural members
- complanar force system
- complete-mix activated sludge system
- composite frame system
- compression system
- concrete suspended flooring system
- constant volume system
- continuous conveying system
- continuous suspension system
- control system
- cooling system
- coordinate system
- cost-efficient floor system
- crossbar approach lighting system
- cross blow ventilation system
- curtain walling system
- custom forming system
- decentralized air conditioning system
- decentralized sewerage system
- deluge sprinkler system
- desiccant cooling system
- designation system
- design-built system
- diffusion-absorption system
- digital indicating system
- direct system
- direct air heating system
- direct cooling system
- direct expansion system
- direct hot water system
- direct hot-water supply system
- direct return system
- direct through air-conditioning system
- distribution system
- domestic hot water system
- domestic sewerage system
- "Dot" recording system
- double-pipe system
- double stack system
- down-feed system
- drainage system
- draw-in system
- draw-through fan system
- draw-through system
- drencher system
- drop system
- dry-pipe sprinkler system
- dual conduit system
- duct system
- ductless split air conditioning system
- dust collecting system
- dust extract system
- early warning system
- economical floor system
- ejector refrigerating system
- elastic mechanical system
- elastic system
- electric heating system
- electric reheat system
- energy management system
- environmental system
- exhaust system
- extract system
- FAA soil classification system
- fan coil system
- Federal aviation administration soil classification system
- fire alarm system
- fire-extinguishing system
- fire protection system
- flat plate-pipe column floor system
- floor structural system
- floor system
- flow-through system
- F-number system
- force system
- forming-and-reinforcing system
- Forton system
- four pipe system
- gantry crane system
- gas heating system
- gravity system
- gravity-flow heating system
- gravity sewerage system
- gravity steam heating system
- gravity water-supply system
- grid coordinate system
- gridiron distribution system
- grounding system
- groundwater control system
- group water supply system
- gyratory system
- heat distribution system
- heating system
- heat-of-light system
- heat pump system
- heat recovery system
- heat supply system
- heat-traced system
- high-intensity lighting system
- high temperature hot-water heating system
- high velocity system
- hold-over system
- holonomic system
- hot-air system
- hot water system
- hot-water circulation system
- hush piling system
- hybrid system
- hydraulic control system
- hydrophilic system
- hydrophobic system
- indirect expansion system
- indirect hot-water supply system
- indirect refrigeration system
- individual sewage-disposal system
- induction air conditioning system
- induction system
- industrialized building systems
- inflation system
- instrument landing system
- integral deck system
- integrated distribution floor system
- inverter driven VRV system
- Jackson system
- land system
- large panel system
- lighting system
- line system
- liquid overfeed system
- local sewerage system
- low-pressure system
- low pressure hot water system
- low velocity system
- main system
- maintenance management system
- mass transit system
- materials-handling system
- mechanical system
- mechanical refrigerating system
- mechanical supply system
- medium pressure hot water system
- medium temperature hot water system
- microbore heating system
- modular system
- modular air conditioning system
- modular compression sealing system
- modular decking system
- modular precast building system
- multiple-degree system
- multiple web system
- multiple well system
- multistage gas-supply system
- multizone system
- municipal piping system
- nail-free formwork system
- non-changeover system
- octopus duct system
- oil fired heating system
- once-through water-supply system
- one-degree system
- one-duct air-conditioning system
- one-pipe system
- one-pipe loop system
- one-way system
- open system
- open expansion tank system
- open-loop control system
- open return system
- open steam heating system
- operation system
- overhead heating system
- overhead runway system
- packaged cogeneration system
- panel air-conditioning system
- panel air system
- panel-lock system
- partially-separate system
- piping system
- plane system of forces
- plane grid system
- plenum system
- plumbing system
- pneumatic conveying system
- post-tensioning system
- preaction sprinkler system
- prefabricated pipe conduit system
- pressurization system
- pressurized heating system
- pressurized hot water system
- primary-secondary system
- principal system
- public system
- public waterwork system
- push-through fan system
- push-through system
- quality system
- rail mounted track laying system
- raised floor system
- rapid transport system
- recool system
- recycling system
- recycling water system
- redundant bridge system
- refrigerating system
- regenerative air cycle system
- regional settlement system
- reheat system
- return system
- return air system
- reverse return system
- reverse return upfeed system
- rising heating system
- road system
- roofing system
- run-around system
- safety system
- scraper system
- sealed heating system
- security system
- self-climbing form system
- separate sewerage system
- separate system
- series loop system
- sewage system
- shunt system
- single-degree-of-freedom system
- single-degree system
- single duct air conditioning system
- single-pipe heating system
- single-pipe heat-supply system
- single-stack plumbing system
- single-storey heating system
- single web system
- single-zone air-conditioning system
- slab-stringer system
- small bore heating system
- smoke control system
- smoke extract ventilation system
- soil system
- soil absorption system
- solar heating system
- solid fuel heating system
- split system
- sprinkler system
- state plane coordinate system
- statically determinate system
- statically indeterminate system
- stationary system of loads
- steam heating system
- steel plate system
- storm sewer system
- structural system
- structural monitoring system
- sub-atmospheric heating system
- subbuilding drainage system
- subsurface drainage system
- subsurface sewage disposal system
- supply air system
- supporting formwork system
- suspension structural system
- swing joint system
- taxiway system
- telpher system
- terminal reheat system
- thermal storage heating system
- thermosiphon system
- three-pipe system
- three-pipe air-conditioning system
- three-pipe heat supply system
- total energy system
- track laying system
- trench shoring system
- trussed system
- truss-supported deck system
- tube cleaning system
- two-degree-of-freedom system
- two-degree system
- two-pipe system
- two value system of proportional balancing
- two value system
- two-way system
- underfloor conduit system
- unvented system
- up-feed heating system
- utility detection system
- vacuum heating system
- vacuum return system
- vacuum waste disposal system
- variable air volume system
- variable refrigerant volume system
- variable volume system
- variable water volume system
- VAV system
- vented system
- ventilation system
- VRV system
- VWV system
- warning system
- water-air heating system
- water booster system
- water-supply system
- water-to-air system
- water-to-water system
- wellpoint system
- wet return system
- wind framing system
- wire cable control system
- wiring system
- zoned system
- zone reheat system

Англо-русский строительный словарь > system
9 bounded

1) граничить
2) ограниченный
3) ограниченно
4) разграниченный
5) связанный ∙ absolutely bounded form ≈ абсолютно ограниченная форма absolutely bounded function ≈ ограниченная по абсолютной величине функция absolutely bounded matrix ≈ абсолютно ограниченная матрица algebra of bounded representation type ≈ алгебра с ограниченными степенями представлений algebra of linearly bounded degree ≈ алгебра линейно ограниченной степени almost bounded function ≈ функция, ограниченная почти всюду bounded above function ≈ ограниченная сверху функция bounded above operator ≈ ограниченый сверху оператор bounded above subset ≈ ограниченное сверху подмножество bounded below function ≈ ограниченная снизу функция bounded below operator ≈ ограниченный снизу оператор bounded below subset ≈ ограниченное снизу подмножество bounded closed interval ≈ ограниченный замкнутый интервал bounded distance decoding ≈ декодирование с ограниченным расстоянием bounded from one side ≈ полуограниченный bounded open interval ≈ ограниченный открытый интервал bounded partial quotient ≈ ограниченное неполное частное bounded pure subgroup ≈ ограниченная сервантная подгруппа bounded random variable ≈ ограниченная случайная величина bounded universal hypothesis ≈ ограниченная универсальная гипотеза bounded variable technique ≈ метод ограниченной переменной collectively bounded set ≈ ограниченное в совокупности множество completely bounded set ≈ вполне ограниченное множество completely bounded space ≈ вполне органическое пространство completely bounded statistic ≈ вполне ограниченная статистика derivative of bounded variation ≈ производная с ограниченной вариацией doubly bounded quantifier ≈ ограниченный с двух сторон квантор essentially bounded function ≈ существенно ограниченная функция essentially bounded random variable ≈ существенно ограниченная случайная величина essentially bounded sequence ≈ существенно ограниченная последовательность explicitly bounded function ≈ явно ограниченная функция finitely bounded germ ≈ конечно ограниченный росток function of bounded characteristic ≈ функция с ограниченной характеристикой function of bounded type ≈ функция ограниченного вида function of bounded variation ≈ функция с ограниченным изменением linearly bounded automaton ≈ линейно ориентированный автомат linearly bounded set ≈ линейно ограниченное множество locally bounded curvature ≈ локально ограниченная кривизна locally bounded density ≈ локально ограниченная плотность locally bounded function ≈ локально ограниченная функция locally bounded game ≈ локально ограниченная игра locally bounded space ≈ локально ограниченное пространство metrically bounded functional ≈ метрически ограниченный функционал metrically bounded set ≈ метрически ограниченное множество nontangentially bounded function ≈ нетангенциально ограниченная функция nontangentially bounded integral ≈ некасательно ограниченный интеграл order bounded functional ≈ ограниченный по упорядоченности функционал pointwise bounded function ≈ точечно ограниченная функция polynomially bounded function ≈ полиномиально ограниченная функция process with bounded aftereffect ≈ процесс с ограниченным последействием progressively bounded graph ≈ прогрессивно ограниченный граф recursively bounded quantifier ≈ рекурсивно ограниченный квантор regressively bounded graph ≈ регрессивно ограниченный граф relatively bounded form ≈ относительно ограниченная форма sequentially bounded net ≈ последовательно ограниченная сеть simply bounded subset ≈ поточечно ограниченное подмножество smoothly bounded region ≈ гладко ограниченная область stochastically bounded sequence ≈ стохастически ограниченная последовательность strictly bounded set ≈ строго ограниченное множество strongly bounded set ≈ сильно ограниченное множество strongly bounded space ≈ сильно ограниченное пространство theor of semigroups of linear bounded operators ≈ теория полугрупп линейных ограниченных операторов topology of bounded convergence ≈ топология ограниченной сходимости totally bounded measure ≈ вполне ограниченная мера totally bounded set ≈ вполне ограниченное множество totally bounded space ≈ вполне ограниченное пространство totally bounded subset ≈ вполне ограниченное подмножество totally bounded uniformity ≈ вполне ограниченная равномерность uniformly bounded convergence ≈ равномерно ограниченная сходимость uniformly bounded curvature ≈ равномерно ограниченная кривизна uniformly bounded error ≈ равномерно ограниченная ошибка uniformly bounded family ≈ равномерно ограниченное семейство uniformly bounded function ≈ равномерно ограниченная функция uniformly bounded kernel ≈ равномерно ограниченное ядро uniformly bounded sequence ≈ равномерно ограниченная последовательность uniformly bounded series ≈ равномерно ограниченный ряд uniformly bounded set ≈ равномерно ограниченное множество uniformly bounded variation ≈ равномерно ограниченная вариация weakly bounded set ≈ слабо ограниченное множество weakly bounded subset ≈ слабо ограниченное подмножество - almost bounded - bounded above - bounded acceptor - bounded accuracy - bounded adele - bounded aggregate - bounded approximation - bounded automaton - bounded axonometry - bounded below - bounded characteristic - bounded collection - bounded compactness - bounded completeness - bounded continuum - bounded convergence - bounded curvature - bounded decomposition - bounded deficiency - bounded degree - bounded derivation - bounded derivative - bounded deviation - bounded difference - bounded distribution - bounded domain - bounded duality - bounded extension - bounded field - bounded flow - bounded form - bounded frontier - bounded function - bounded functional - bounded group - bounded homomorphism - bounded index - bounded integral - bounded integrand - bounded intersection - bounded invertibility - bounded kernel - bounded language - bounded lattice - bounded mapping - bounded martingale - bounded matrix - bounded measure - bounded metric - bounded module - bounded monotonicity - bounded morphism - bounded motion - bounded network - bounded norm - bounded operator - bounded order - bounded path - bounded polyhedron - bounded potential - bounded predicate - bounded problem - bounded product - bounded projection - bounded quality - bounded quantification - bounded quantifier - bounded quantity - bounded quotient - bounded region - bounded representation - bounded retract - bounded semigroup - bounded sequence - bounded series - bounded set - bounded solution - bounded space - bounded spectrum - bounded spline - bounded string - bounded subset - bounded subtraction - bounded sum - bounded summand - bounded support - bounded term - bounded topology - bounded transformation - bounded utility - bounded variance - bounded variation - bounded varying - bounded vector - essentially bounded - explicitly bounded - exponentially bounded - power bounded - uniformly bounded - weakly bounded (математика) ограниченный

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > bounded
10 system

system

n
1. система; сеть (напр. трубопроводов); устройство

2. способ, метод

system in equilibrium — равновесная система, система в состоянии равновесия

- system of forces
- system of masses
- system of scaffolds
- ABC system
- AC system
- acoustical ceiling system
- active solar energy system
- aesthetic value system
- air classification system
- air cycle refrigerating system
- airfield soil classification system
- air pollution control system
- air-to-air system
- air-to-water system
- air transport system
- alarm system
- all-air system
- all outside air system
- all-water coil system
- all water fan coil system
- approach lighting system
- arterial system
- Atterberg soil classification system
- audio alarm system
- automated casting system
- automatic fire alarm system
- automatic fire protection system
- automatic flushing system
- balanced system
- balanced system of streets
- balanced ventilation system
- bar system
- beam structural system
- bell alarm system
- Benoto piling system
- bivalent heat pump system
- bleed-in system
- blow and exhaust system
- blow through air-conditioning system
- blow through fan system
- bootstrap system
- box system
- bridge deck structured system
- British soil classification system
- building system
- building automation system
- building-drainage system
- building gravity drainage system
- building management system
- built-in dust suppression system
- burglar alarm system
- cable system
- central air heating system
- central fan system
- centralized hot-water supply system
- central plant air conditioning system
- changeover system
- circulating system
- circulation water supply system
- circulation water system
- closed system
- closed heat-supply system
- closed-loop heat pump system
- closed-type steam heating system
- coding system
- cogeneration system
- cold supply system
- collapsing-ring bridge rail system
- combined drainage system
- combined sewage system
- complanar system of structural members
- complanar force system
- complete-mix activated sludge system
- composite frame system
- compression system
- concrete suspended flooring system
- constant volume system
- continuous conveying system
- continuous suspension system
- control system
- cooling system
- coordinate system
- cost-efficient floor system
- crossbar approach lighting system
- cross blow ventilation system
- curtain walling system
- custom forming system
- decentralized air conditioning system
- decentralized sewerage system
- deluge sprinkler system
- desiccant cooling system
- designation system
- design-built system
- diffusion-absorption system
- digital indicating system
- direct system
- direct air heating system
- direct cooling system
- direct expansion system
- direct hot water system
- direct hot-water supply system
- direct return system
- direct through air-conditioning system
- distribution system
- domestic hot water system
- domestic sewerage system
- "Dot" recording system
- double-pipe system
- double stack system
- down-feed system
- drainage system
- draw-in system
- draw-through fan system
- draw-through system
- drencher system
- drop system
- dry-pipe sprinkler system
- dual conduit system
- duct system
- ductless split air conditioning system
- dust collecting system
- dust extract system
- early warning system
- economical floor system
- ejector refrigerating system
- elastic mechanical system
- elastic system
- electric heating system
- electric reheat system
- energy management system
- environmental system
- exhaust system
- extract system
- FAA soil classification system
- fan coil system
- Federal aviation administration soil classification system
- fire alarm system
- fire-extinguishing system
- fire protection system
- flat plate-pipe column floor system
- floor structural system
- floor system
- flow-through system
- F-number system
- force system
- forming-and-reinforcing system
- Forton system
- four pipe system
- gantry crane system
- gas heating system
- gravity system
- gravity-flow heating system
- gravity sewerage system
- gravity steam heating system
- gravity water-supply system
- grid coordinate system
- gridiron distribution system
- grounding system
- groundwater control system
- group water supply system
- gyratory system
- heat distribution system
- heating system
- heat-of-light system
- heat pump system
- heat recovery system
- heat supply system
- heat-traced system
- high-intensity lighting system
- high temperature hot-water heating system
- high velocity system
- hold-over system
- holonomic system
- hot-air system
- hot water system
- hot-water circulation system
- hush piling system
- hybrid system
- hydraulic control system
- hydrophilic system
- hydrophobic system
- indirect expansion system
- indirect hot-water supply system
- indirect refrigeration system
- individual sewage-disposal system
- induction air conditioning system
- induction system
- industrialized building systems
- inflation system
- instrument landing system
- integral deck system
- integrated distribution floor system
- inverter driven VRV system
- Jackson system
- land system
- large panel system
- lighting system
- line system
- liquid overfeed system
- local sewerage system
- low-pressure system
- low pressure hot water system
- low velocity system
- main system
- maintenance management system
- mass transit system
- materials-handling system
- mechanical system
- mechanical refrigerating system
- mechanical supply system
- medium pressure hot water system
- medium temperature hot water system
- microbore heating system
- modular system
- modular air conditioning system
- modular compression sealing system
- modular decking system
- modular precast building system
- multiple-degree system
- multiple web system
- multiple well system
- multistage gas-supply system
- multizone system
- municipal piping system
- nail-free formwork system
- non-changeover system
- octopus duct system
- oil fired heating system
- once-through water-supply system
- one-degree system
- one-duct air-conditioning system
- one-pipe system
- one-pipe loop system
- one-way system
- open system
- open expansion tank system
- open-loop control system
- open return system
- open steam heating system
- operation system
- overhead heating system
- overhead runway system
- packaged cogeneration system
- panel air-conditioning system
- panel air system
- panel-lock system
- partially-separate system
- piping system
- plane system of forces
- plane grid system
- plenum system
- plumbing system
- pneumatic conveying system
- post-tensioning system
- preaction sprinkler system
- prefabricated pipe conduit system
- pressurization system
- pressurized heating system
- pressurized hot water system
- primary-secondary system
- principal system
- public system
- public waterwork system
- push-through fan system
- push-through system
- quality system
- rail mounted track laying system
- raised floor system
- rapid transport system
- recool system
- recycling system
- recycling water system
- redundant bridge system
- refrigerating system
- regenerative air cycle system
- regional settlement system
- reheat system
- return system
- return air system
- reverse return system
- reverse return upfeed system
- rising heating system
- road system
- roofing system
- run-around system
- safety system
- scraper system
- sealed heating system
- security system
- self-climbing form system
- separate sewerage system
- separate system
- series loop system
- sewage system
- shunt system
- single-degree-of-freedom system
- single-degree system
- single duct air conditioning system
- single-pipe heating system
- single-pipe heat-supply system
- single-stack plumbing system
- single-storey heating system
- single web system
- single-zone air-conditioning system
- slab-stringer system
- small bore heating system
- smoke control system
- smoke extract ventilation system
- soil system
- soil absorption system
- solar heating system
- solid fuel heating system
- split system
- sprinkler system
- state plane coordinate system
- statically determinate system
- statically indeterminate system
- stationary system of loads
- steam heating system
- steel plate system
- storm sewer system
- structural system
- structural monitoring system
- sub-atmospheric heating system
- subbuilding drainage system
- subsurface drainage system
- subsurface sewage disposal system
- supply air system
- supporting formwork system
- suspension structural system
- swing joint system
- taxiway system
- telpher system
- terminal reheat system
- thermal storage heating system
- thermosiphon system
- three-pipe system
- three-pipe air-conditioning system
- three-pipe heat supply system
- total energy system
- track laying system
- trench shoring system
- trussed system
- truss-supported deck system
- tube cleaning system
- two-degree-of-freedom system
- two-degree system
- two-pipe system
- two value system of proportional balancing
- two value system
- two-way system
- underfloor conduit system
- unvented system
- up-feed heating system
- utility detection system
- vacuum heating system
- vacuum return system
- vacuum waste disposal system
- variable air volume system
- variable refrigerant volume system
- variable volume system
- variable water volume system
- VAV system
- vented system
- ventilation system
- VRV system
- VWV system
- warning system
- water-air heating system
- water booster system
- water-supply system
- water-to-air system
- water-to-water system
- wellpoint system
- wet return system
- wind framing system
- wire cable control system
- wiring system
- zoned system
- zone reheat system

Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.

Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > system
11 security

сущ.

1)

а) общ. безопасность

collective security — коллективная безопасность

food security — продовольственная безопасность

national security — национальная безопасность

to ensure [to provide\] security — обеспечивать безопасность

to undermine security — подрывать безопасность

See:

economic security, food security, personal security, national security, national security override, security consultant, security exceptions, security zone, Container Security Initiative, Bureau of Industry and Security, Department of Homeland Security, Mutual Security Agency, Security Council

б) общ. защита, охрана (от чего-л.); гарантия, гарантированность

job security — гарантия занятости, гарантированность сохранения рабочего места

в) пол. органы [служба\] безопасности

See:

security director, security manager, security officer

2) фин. обеспечение, залог (имущество, используемое в качестве гарантии при кредитовании)

against security — под обеспечение, под гарантию

The loan is given against security of the fixed deposit. — Заем предоставлен под обеспечение срочным депозитом.

A company borrows money against security. — Компания занимает деньги под обеспечение.

Syn:

collateral

See:

secured debt, secured creditor, unsecured, collateral security

3) ценная бумага

а) фин., обычно мн. ценная бумага (документ, который закрепляет право владения или отношения займа, может передаваться из рук в руки и является инструментом привлечения финансирования; в американском законодательстве трактуется как сделка по предоставлению денежных средств в пользование другого лица с целью извлечения прибыли, удостоверяющий такую сделку документ, а также право на его приобретение или продажу, которые характеризуются следующими обстоятельствами: а) мотивацией продавца, заключающейся в привлечении капитала, необходимого для общего использования в коммерческом предприятии продавца или для финансирования существенных инвестиций, б) мотивацией покупателя, заключающейся в получении прибыли от предоставления средств, в) выступлением инструмента в роли предмета обычной торговли, г) разумными ожиданиями покупателя о применении к инструменту федеральных законов о ценных бумагах, д) отсутствием сокращающего риск фактора, напр., выражающегося в применении к инструменту другой схемы регулирования)

ATTRIBUTES [creator\]: Treasury, municipal, muni, state, local, foreign, home, home country, domestic, agency 1), federal agency 1), state agency, authority 2), private, private sector, public, public sector, public utility 2), external, internal, international, industrial, tax district, railroad, school, school district, refunding, advance refunding, equipment trust, new money 2)

ATTRIBUTES [purpose\]: tax anticipation 2), revenue anticipation, grant anticipation, bond anticipation, private activity, reorganization 2), savings, capital 2), income, guaranteed income, growth 1), war, defence, debt conversion, construction 1), infrastructure, infrastructure renewal, housing 1), manufactured housing 1), equipment trust, equipment, consolidated, mezzanine 2)

pollution control security — ценные бумаги для реализации экологических проектов

pollution control municipal securities — муниципальные ценные бумаги для реализации экологических проектов

The Company also issued $39 million of variable and fixed rate Pollution Control Securities in 1994.

pensioners securities — ценные бумаги для пенсионеров

ATTRIBUTES [owner\]: registered, bearer, negotiable, transferable, non-transferable, outstanding 4)

ATTRIBUTES [time\]: term, perpetual 3), dated

Liquidations from such a pool would require the manager to liquidate longer securities which are much more volatile.

Only the insurance companies and funds have preference for the longer-dated securities.

The Portfolio Manager is now investing some of the District’s portfolio in longer-term securities.

The government could persuade lenders to take up only about 60% of US$1.2 billion in six-month securities on offer.

Two- and 3-year securities have a minimum of $3 billion.

ATTRIBUTES [rights\]: alternate 2) б), antidilutive, assented, asset-backed, auction rate, backed, callable, closed-end mortgage, collateralized, collateral trust, combination 3) в), companion, consolidated mortgage, convertible 2) а), debenture 2) а), definitive, double-barreled 3) а), endorsed, exchange, exchangeable, extendible, federal home loan bank, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, first mortgage, general obligation, guaranteed 2) а), general mortgage home loan, insured, interchangeable, irredeemable 2) а), junior 2) б), junior lien, moral obligation, mortgage 3. 3) а), mortgage-backed, non-assented, noncallable, non-participating, open-end mortgage, parity, participating 2) а), preferred 2) а), prior lien, profit-sharing, property 2) а), putable, real estate, redeemable 3) а), revenue 3. 1) а), second lien, second mortgage, secured, senior 2) б), senior lien, serial, series 2) б), subordinated, tax increment, tranche, unassented, unsecured, z-tranche

special tax security — ценная бумага под определенный налог

special assessment security — ценная бумага под определенный налог

special purpose security — ценная бумага под определенный проект

This is a series of Frequently Asked Questions about other Special Purpose Securities handled by the Special Investments Branch.

ATTRIBUTES [currency\]: dual currency, reverse-dual currency

The Bank accepts as collateral Canadian dollar securities issued or guaranteed by the Government of Canada.

But if you have an expectation of a weakening dollar, does it still make sense to invest in US dollar-denominated securities?

ATTRIBUTES [income\]: adjustable rate, annuity, auction rate, bank-qualified, capital growth, capped, coupon-bearing, collar, collared, coupon 1), credit-sensitive, deep discount, defaulted, deferred-coupon, deferred interest, discount 1. 1), double-exempt, fixed annuity, fixed-coupon, fixed-rate, fixed-income, flat, flat income, floating rate, floored, full coupon, interest-bearing, non-interest-bearing, non-qualified, non-bank-qualified, life annuity, mismatch, original issue discount, premium 1. 1), qualified 1. 2) б), qualifying 1. 2) б), reset, split coupon, step-down, step-up, stripped, taxable, tax-credit, tax-exempt 1. 1), tax-free, tax-exempt, tax-preferred, variable-coupon, variable annuity, variable rate, zero-coupon

The prepayment rate for mortgages backing Ginnie Mae's 13 percent securities was 47.3 percent.

[high, higher, medium, low, lower\] coupon security — с [высоким, более высоким, средним, низким, более низким\] купоном [доходом\]

The State governments and their utilities had proposed issuing of low coupon securities for refinancing the SLR securities.

high [higher, medium, low, lower\] income security — с высоким [более высоким, средним, низким, более низким\] доходом

You'd be prudent to select issues with short maturities that can later be replaced with higher-income securities as interest rates rise.

high [higher, medium, low, lower\] yield security — с высокой [более высокой, средней, низкой, более низкой\] доходностью

The higher yield securities with higher risk can form the portion that you are willing to gamble.

What happens is that the company that is insured anticipates in advance and knows that low-coverage/high-premium securities will fetch lower prices.

ATTRIBUTES [creation\]: original issue discount, OID, fully paid, partly paid, private placement 2., publicly offered, when-issued

ATTRIBUTES [destruction\]: bullet, bullet-maturity, drawn, single-payment, sinking fund 1), planned amortization class, targeted amortization class, variable redemption

ATTRIBUTES [status\]: listed 2), unlisted, non-listed, delisted, quoted, unquoted, rated 3), non-rated, speculative grade, investment grade, gilt-edged

ATTRIBUTES [size\]: baby, penny

ATTRIBUTES [structured\]: structured, well-structured, non-structured, range, range accrual, capital protected, principal protected, capital guaranteed, reverse floating rate, inverse floating rate, participation, equity index participation, equity participation, market participation, equity linked, equity index-linked, index-linked, market-indexed, equity-linked, credit-linked, reverse convertible, indexed, non-indexed, dual-indexed, capital-indexed, coupon-indexed, interest-indexed, current-pay, gold-indexed, catastrophe, cat, catastrophe-linked, catastrophe risk-linked, cat-linked, catastrophe insurance, cat-linked, catastrophe insurance, disaster, act of God, earthquake, earthquake-risk, hurricane

Argentina will not be required to make an adjustment to the amounts previously paid to holders of the GDP-linked Securities for changes that may affect the economy.

Proposals to create GDP-indexed securities are naturally supported by the arguments in this paper

ATTRIBUTES [form\]: book-entry, certificated

security market — фондовый рынок, рынок ценных бумаг

ACTIONS [passive\]:

to issue a security — выпускать [эмитировать\] ценную бумагу

to place [underwrite\] a security — размещать ценную бумагу

to hedge a security — хеджировать ценную бумагу

to earn $n on a security — получать доход в n долл. от ценной бумаги

to register a security in name of X — регистрировать ценную бумагу на имя X

to offer a security — предлагать (к продаже) (новые) ценные бумаги (инвесторам)

to call a security (for redemption) — предлагать (требовать) досрочный выкуп ценной бумаги

to convert a security into — конвертировать ценную бумагу в

to transfer a security — передавать (продавать) ценную бумагу (другому лицу)

to back a security — создавать обеспечение для ценной бумаги

to guaranty a security — гарантировать ценную бумагу

to rate a security — оценивать надежность ценной бумаги

to pay interest on a security — выплачивать проценты по ценной бумаге

to list a security, to admit a security to a listing, to accept security for trading in a exchange — допускать ценную бумагу к торгам (на бирже), включать в листинг

ACTIONS [active\]:

a security carries risk — ценная бумага подвержена риску

a security floats — ценная бумага обращается

a security closes at $n up[down\] m% — курс закрытия ценной бумаги составил $n, что на m% выше [ниже\] вчерашнего

COMBS:

security price — цена [курс\] ценной бумаги

issuer of an security — эмитент ценной бумаги

See:

debt security, equity security, hybrid security, antidilutive securities, asset-backed securities, auction rate securities, baby securities, book-entry securities, certificated security, control securities, convertible securities, coupon security, dated security, deep discount security, discount securities, drop-lock security, equity-linked securities, fixed income security, foreign interest payment security, gross-paying securities, inflation-indexed security, interest-bearing securities, irredeemable securities, junior securities, letter security, listed securities, marketable securities, negotiable security, net-paying securities, non-convertible securities, participating securities, pay-in-kind securities, perpetual security, primary security, secondary security, unlisted securities, zero-coupon security, securities analyst, security analyst, securities broker, securities dealer, security dealer, securities market, security market, securities trader, International Securities Identification Number, financial market, principal, interest, issuer, Uniform Sale of Securities Act, Securities Act of 1933, Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, Culp v. Mulvane, Investment Company Act, Investment Advisers Act, SEC v. CM Joiner Leasing Corp., SEC v. W. J. Howey Co., SEC v. Variable Annuity Life Insurance Company of America, SEC v. United Benefit Life Insurance Company, Tcherepnin v. Knight, SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc.

б) фин., обычно мн. (право владения или отношения займа, закрепленные в документе, который может передаваться из рук в руки и является инструментом привлечения финансирования)

в) юр., амер. (трактуется как сделка по предоставлению денежных средств в пользование другого лица с целью извлечения прибыли, удостоверяющий такую сделку документ, а также право на его приобретение или продажу, которые характеризуются следующими обстоятельствами: а) мотивацией продавца, заключающейся в привлечении капитала, необходимого для общего использования в коммерческом предприятии продавца или для финансирования существенных инвестиций, б) мотивацией покупателя, заключающейся в получении прибыли от предоставления средств, в) выступлением инструмента в роли предмета обычной торговли, г) разумными ожиданиями покупателя о применении к инструменту федеральных законов о ценных бумагах, д) отсутствием сокращающего риск фактора, напр., выражающегося в применении к инструменту другой схемы регулирования)

See:

Securities Act of 1933, Investment Company Act, Investment Advisers Act, SEC v. CM Joiner Leasing Corp., SEC v. W. J. Howey Co., SEC v. Variable Annuity Life Insurance Company of America, SEC v. United Benefit Life Insurance Company, Tcherepnin v. Knight, SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc.

* * *
безопасность, сохранность, ценная бумага, обеспечение, гарантия: 1) ценная бумага; свидетельство долга или собственности; сертификаты ценных бумаг, векселя; см. securities; 2) обеспечение: активы и др. собственность, которые могут быть использованы как обеспечение кредита или облигаций; в случае отказа заемщика от погашения кредита обеспечение может быть реализовано; = collateral security; 3) безопасность: процедуры, обеспечивающие безопасность банка, его активов и документации, включая физическую защиту, процедуры внутреннего аудита; 4) гарантия: гарантия выполнения обязательств другого лица, в т. ч. личная гарантия; = personal security.
* * *

Ценная бумага - документ/сертификат, являющийся свидетельством собственности на акции, облигации и другие инвестиционные инструменты
. Безопасность - меры, предпринимаемые для обеспечения конфиденциальности передаваемой по линиям связи персональной информации о клиенте, совершаемых им операциях и т.п. . гарантия по ссуде; обеспечение кредита; обеспечение ссуды; обеспечение; ценная бумага; отдел охраны (банка, компании) Инвестиционная деятельность .
* * *

Инвестиционная деятельность

ценная бумага

финансовые активы, включающие акции, правительственные облигации и ценные бумаги с государственной гарантией, облигации компании, сертификаты паевых фондов и документы, подтверждающие право собственности на предоставленные в ссуду или депонированные денежные средства; страховые полисы к таким активам не относятся

Англо-русский экономический словарь > security
12 por

prep.

1 because of (causa).

por mí no te preocupes don't worry about me

¿por qué? why?

¿por qué lo dijo? why did she say it?

¿por qué no vienes? why don't you come?

¿por? (informal) why?

se enfadó por tu comportamiento she got angry because of your behavior

lo hizo por amor he did it out of o for love

2 (in order) to.

lo hizo por complacerte he did it to please you

lo hice por ella I did it for her

3 by (medio, modo, agente).

por mensajero/fax/teléfono by courier/fax/telephone

estuvimos hablando por teléfono we were talking on the phone

por escrito in writing

lo cogieron por el brazo they took him by the arm

el récord fue batido por el atleta the record was broken by the athlete

4 through.

vamos por aquí/allí let's go this/that way

iba paseando por el bosque/la calle she was walking through the forest/along the street

pasar por la aduana to go through customs

5 for (a cambio de, en lugar de).

lo ha comprado por poco dinero she bought it for very little

cambió el coche por la moto he exchanged his car for a motorbike

él lo hará por mí he'll do it for me

6 per.

80 céntimos por unidad 80 cents each

mil unidades por semana a thousand units a o per week

uno por uno one by one

20 kms por hora 20 km an o per hour

7 for.

baja por tabaco go down to the shops for some cigarettes, go down to get some cigarettes

a por for

vino a por las entradas she came for the tickets

8 times, multiplied by.

* * *

por

► preposición

1 (gen) for

■ lo hice por ti I did it for you

■ lo compré por dos euros I bought it for two euros

2 (a través de) through, by

■ entra por la puerta trasera come in by the back door

■ pasamos por Valladolid we went through Valladolid

■ iremos por la autopista we'll go on the motorway

3 (calle, carretera) along, down, up

■ íbamos por la calle cuando... we were walking along the street when...

■ subí por la Calle Jovellanos I went up Jovellanos Street

4 (lugar aproximado) in, near, round

■ anda por el edificio he's somewhere in the building

■ está por la Plaza Mayor it's somewhere near the Plaza Mayor

■ está por aquí it's somewhere round here

5 (causa) because of

■ las plantas han muerto por el frío the plants have died because of the cold

■ suspendieron el concierto por la lluvia they cancelled the concert because of the rain

6 (tiempo) at, for

■ nos veremos por vacaciones I'll see you during the holidays

7 (medio) by

■ lo enviaré por avión I'll send it by air

■ está hablando por teléfono he's on the phone

■ llegó por correo it arrived by post

8 (autoría) by

■ fue escrito por Azorín it was written by Azorín

9 (distribución) per

■ cinco por ciento five per cent

■ tocamos a dieciocho euros por persona it works out at eighteen euros per person

■ iba a veinte kilómetros por hora it was going at twenty kilometres an hour

10 (tras) by

■ registraron la cárcel celda por celda they searched the prison cell by cell

■ les interrogó uno por uno he interrogated each one in turn

11 (con pasiva) by

■ fue comprado por la reina it was bought by the queen

12 (a favor de) for, in favour of, US in favor of

■ estoy por una amnistía general I'm in favour of a general amnesty

13 (en calidad de) as

■ la tomó por esposa he took her as his wife

14 (en lugar de) instead of, in the place of

■ ve tú por mi you go in my place

15 (multiplicado por) times, multiplied by

■ tres por cuatro, doce three fours are twelve, three times four is twelve

16 por adjective que no matter how adjective

■ por caro que sea, lo voy a comprar no matter how expensive it is I'm going to buy it

■ por viejo que parezca funciona even though it looks old, it still works

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

estar por + inf (a punto de) to be on the point of + - ing

estar por hacer to remain to be done, not to have been done yet

por aquí around here

por lo tanto therefore

por lo visto apparently

por más que + subjuntivo however much, no matter how much

por mucho que + subjuntivo however much, no matter how much

por mí as far as I am concerned

¿por qué? why?

por supuesto of course

por tanto therefore, so

* * *

prep.

1) for

2) during

3) by

4) through

5) along

6) around

7) per

8) from

9) because of

10) instead of

•

- ¿por qué?

- por si acaso

* * *

PREPOSICIÓN

1) [causa]

a) + sustantivo because of

tuvo que suspenderse por el mal tiempo — it had to be cancelled because of the weather

no se realizó por escasez de fondos — it didn't go ahead because of a shortage of funding

• nos encontramos por casualidad — we met by chance

• lo hago por gusto — I do it because I like to

• fue por necesidad — it was out of necessity

• por temor a — for fear of

no se lo dijo por temor a ofenderla — he didn't tell her for fear of offending her

b) + infin

no aprobó por no haber estudiado — he didn't pass because he hadn't studied

por venir tarde se perdió la mitad — because he arrived late he missed half of it

me castigaron por mentir — I was punished for lying

c) + adj

le expulsaron por revoltoso — they expelled him for being a troublemaker

lo dejó por imposible — he gave it up as (being) impossible

esto te pasa por tonto — this is what you get for being stupid

2) [objetivo]

a) + sustantivo for

trabajar por dinero — to work for money

daría lo que fuera por un poco de tranquilidad — I'd give anything for a bit of peace and quiet

brindemos por nuestro futuro — let's drink to our future

b) + infin

lo hizo por complacerle — he did it to please her

por no llegar tarde — so as not to arrive late, in order not to be late

hablar por hablar — to talk for the sake of talking

3) (=en favor, defensa de) for

lo hice por mis padres — I did it for my parents

hazlo por mí — do it for me, do it for my sake

luchar por la patria — to fight for one's country

4) [elección]

su amor por la pintura — his love of painting

está loca por ti — she's crazy about you

no sabía por cuál decidirme — I couldn't decide which to choose

5) [evidencia] judging by, judging from

por lo que dicen — judging by o from what they say

por la cara que pone no debe de gustarle — judging by o from his face I don't think he likes it

por las señas no piensa hacerlo — apparently he's not intending to do it, it doesn't seem like he's intending to do it

6) [medio]

por su propia mano — by his own hand

lo obtuve por un amigo — I got it through a friend

la conozco por mi hermano — I know her through my brother

• por correo — by post

• por mar — by sea

• hablar por señas — to use sign language

7) [agente] by

hecho por él — done by him

"dirigido por" — "directed by"

fueron apresados por la policía — they were captured by the police

8) [modo] by

me agarró por el brazo — he grabbed me by the arm

punto por punto — point by point

buscaron casa por casa — they searched house by house

están dispuestos por tamaños — they are arranged according to size o by size

• por orden alfabético — in alphabetical order

9) [lugar]

se va por ahí — it's that way

¿por dónde? — which way?

ir a Bilbao por Santander — to go to Bilbao via Santander

cruzar la frontera por Canfranc — to cross the border at Canfranc

pasar por Madrid — to go through Madrid

se asomaron por la ventana — they leaned out of the window

iban cantando por la calle — they were walking along the street singing

paseábamos por la playa — we were walking along the beach

por todas partes — everywhere

por todo el país — throughout the country

viajar por el mundo — to travel (around) the world

10) [aproximación]

busca por ahí — look over there

viven por esta zona — they live around here

por aquí cerca — near o around here

aquello ocurrió por abril — it happened around April

por la feria — round about o around carnival time

está por el norte — it's somewhere up north

11) [tiempo]

se levanta por la mañana temprano — she gets up early in the morning

por la mañana siempre tengo mucho trabajo — I always have a lot of work in o during the morning

no sale por la noche — he doesn't go out at night

12) [duración] for

será por poco tiempo — it won't be for long

se quedarán por 15 días — they will stay for a fortnight

13) [sustitución, intercambio] (=a cambio de) for; (=en lugar de) instead of

te doy este por aquel — I'll swap you this one for that one

le dieron uno nuevo por el viejo — they gave him a new one (in exchange) for the old one

lo vendí por 15 dólares — I sold it for 15 dollars

me dieron 13 francos por una libra — I got 13 francs to the pound

hoy doy yo la clase por él — today I'm giving the class for him o in his place

ha puesto B por V — he has put B instead of V

14) [representación]

hablo por todos — I speak on behalf of o for everyone

interceder por algn — to intercede on sb's behalf, intercede for sb

diputado por Madrid — a member of parliament for Madrid

vino por su jefe — he came instead of o in place of his boss

15) [distribución]

10 dólares por hora — 10 dollars an hour

80km por hora — 80km per o an hour

revoluciones por minuto — revolutions per minute

tres dólares por persona — three dollars each, three dollars per person

16) [en multiplicaciones]

cinco por tres, quince — five times three is fifteen, five threes are fifteen

mide 6 metros de alto por 4 de ancho — it is 6 metres high by 4 wide

17) (=en cuanto a)

por mí no hay inconveniente — that's fine as o so far as I'm concerned

por mí, que se vaya — as o so far as I'm concerned he can go, for all I care he can go

por mí, como si quieres pasar una semana sin comer — I don't care if you want to go for a week without eating

si por mi fuera, tú estarías trabajando — if it were o was down to me, you'd be working

18) (=como)

• tomar a algn por esposo/esposa — to take sb to be one's husband/wife

• le dan por muerto — they have given him up for dead

• le tienen por tonto — they think he's stupid

19) [concesión]
+ subjun
por (muy) difícil que sea — however hard it is o may be

por mucho que lo quisieran — however much they would like to, much as they would like to

por más que lo intente — no matter how o however hard I try, try as I might

20) [acción inacabada]
+ infin
quedan platos por lavar — there are still some dishes to do

aún me quedan tres páginas por traducir — I still have three pages left to translate

21) ir (a) por algo/algn (=en busca de) to go and get sth/sb

ha ido (a) por vino — she's gone to get some wine

voy por el médico — I'll go and fetch o get the doctor

voy a por él — [a buscarle] I'll go and get him; [a atacarle] I'm going to get him

solo van a por las pelas — * they're only in it for the money

¡a por ellos! — get them!

- ir a por todas

22) [en preguntas]
por qué why
¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

no tengo por qué ir — there's no reason why I should go
¿por? * why (do you ask)?
* * *

preposición

Sentido I

1) ( en relaciones causales) because of

lo he puesto aquí por el gato — I've put it here because of the cat

por falta de dinero — because of o owing to lack of money

eso te pasa por crédulo — that's what you get for being (so) gullible

por naturaleza — by nature

por necesidad — out of necessity

tanto por su precio como por su calidad — both for its price and its quality

fue por eso que vine — that was why I came

si no fuera por mi hijo... — if it wasn't for my son...

fue elogiado por su actuación — he was praised for his performance

por + inf — for -ing

me pidió perdón por haberme mentido — he apologized for lying o for having lied to me

2) ( según)

por lo que he oído — from what I've heard

por lo que parece... — it seems o it would seem...

3) (en locs)

por qué — why

¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

por si — in case; acaso, mosca II

4) ( en expresiones concesivas)

por más que me esfuerzo — however hard o no matter how hard I try

por (muy) fácil que sea — however easy o no matter how easy it is

5)

a) ( en expresiones de modo)

colócalos por orden de tamaño/altura — put them in order of size/height

por orden de altura — in order of height

por adelantado — in advance

por escrito — in writing

b) ( indicando el medio)

se lo comunicaron por teléfono — they told him over the phone

lo dijeron por la radio — they said it on the radio

por avión/barco/carretera — by air/sea/road

la conocí por la voz — I recognized her by her voice

me enteré por un amigo — I heard from o through a friend

lo intenté por todos los medios — I tried everything possible o every possible way

c) (Educ) from

es doctor honoris causa por Oxford — he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford

6)

a) ( en relaciones de proporción)

cobra $30 por clase — he charges $30 a o per class

120 kilómetros por hora — 120 kilometers an o per hour

lo venden por metro — they sell it by the meter

tú comes por tres — you eat enough for three people

había un hombre por cada dos mujeres — there was one man to every two women

tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho — it's three meters long by one meter wide

es bastante por hoy — it's enough for today

uno por uno — one by one; ciento II

b) ( en multiplicaciones)

tres por cuatro (son) doce — three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

7)

a) (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación) for

su secretaria firmó por él — his secretary signed for him o on his behalf

yo puedo ir por ti — I can go for you o in your place

podrías pasar por inglesa — you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman

es senador por Sevilla — he's a senator for Seville

b) ( como)

por ejemplo — for example

¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? — do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

8) ( introduciendo el agente) by

compuesto por Mozart — composed by Mozart

se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta — they were caught in a sudden storm

Sentido II

9) (expresando finalidad, objetivo)

pelearse por algo — to fight over something

lo hace por el dinero — he does it for the money

te lo digo por tu bien — I'm telling you for your own good

no tengo por qué ir — there's no reason why I should go

por + inf: daría cualquier cosa por verla — I'd give anything to see her

no entré por no molestar — I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him

eso es hablar por hablar — that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it

por que + subj ( here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan — he was eager for them to listen to him

lucharon por que se hiciera justicia — they fought for justice to be done

10) (indicando consideración, favor) for

por mí no lo hagas — don't do it just for me o for my sake

11) (indicando inclinación, elección)

su amor por la música — her love of music

demostró interés por el cuadro — he showed interest in the painting

no siento nada por él — I don't feel anything for him

opté por no ir — I chose not to go

votó por ella — he voted for her

12) ( en busca de)

salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan — he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

13) ( en lo que respecta a)

por mí no hay inconveniente — I don't mind

por mí que haga lo que quiera — as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

14) ( indicando una situación pendiente)

por + inf: tengo la casa por limpiar — I've got the house to clean

estos cambios aún están por hacer — these changes are yet to be made

eso está por ver! — we'll see about that!

15) (esp AmL)

estar por + inf — ( estar a punto de)

deben (de) estar por llegar — they should be arriving any minute

la leche está por hervir — the milk's about to boil

Sentido III

16) (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria)

entró por la ventana — he came in through the window

no va a pasar por la puerta — it won't go through the door

sal por aquí — go out this way

se cayó por la escalera — he fell down the stairs

subieron por la ladera este — they went up by the east face

¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? — does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

fuimos por el camino más largo — we took the longer route

¿por dónde has venido? — which way did you come?

¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? — could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

17)

a) ( expresando lugar indeterminado)

está por ahí — he's over there somewhere

¿por dónde está or queda el hotel? — whereabouts is the hotel?

viven por mi barrio — they live around my area

¿qué tal te fue por Londres? — how did you get on in London?

por todos lados or por todas partes — everywhere

b) ( expresando lugar determinado)

corta por aquí — cut here

voy por la página 15 — I'm up to o I'm on page 15

empieza por el principio — start at the beginning

agárralo por el mango — hold it by the handle

c) ( indicando extensión)

por todo el país — throughout the (whole) country

viajamos por el norte de Francia — we travelled around o in the North of France

pasa un trapo por el piso — give the floor a quick wipe; ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera, encima, etc

Sentido IV

18) ( expresando tiempo aproximado)

por aquella época or por aquel entonces — at that time

sucedió allá por 1960 — it happened some time back around 1960

19) (Esp) ( indicando una ocasión) for

me lo regaló por mi cumpleaños — she gave it to me for my birthday

20) ( durante) for

por los siglos de los siglos — for ever and ever

por el momento or por ahora — for the time being o for now; ver tb mañana III, tarde II, noche

* * *

= across, along, around, because of, by, by, down, for the sake of, in connection with, in the gift of, on account of, on the grounds that/of, per, through, times, under, x, as a matter of, out of, through the agency of.

Ex. This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.

Ex. This means that a large number of messages can be combined together along the same line, giving economies of scales.

Ex. I wouldn't expect you to be detailed in your report in terms of where the bookmible would stop around town and where you'd park it.

Ex. This makes him feel somehow defficient and all because of his difficulty in making sense out of words in print with which his troubles began.

Ex. A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.

Ex. Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.

Ex. Some users find the format of KWIC indexes unacceptable, they find alphabetical arrangement by keywords down the centre of a page, and wrapped-round titles awkward.

Ex. The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.

Ex. There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.

Ex. Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.

Ex. Partly on account of the variety of bases for coverage there is significant overlap between the assortment of abstracting and indexing services.

Ex. AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.

Ex. Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.

Ex. The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.

Ex. 4 days times 30 cents per day = 120 cents.

Ex. One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.

Ex. Card catalogues or indexes comprise a set of cards often 5x3 inches (122x72 mm), with each entry on a separate card.

Ex. Most drivers stop at stop signs: Some do under duress -- there may be a policeman concealed in nearby bushes, others as a matter of prudence -- a fast car with the right of way can be injurious.

Ex. But these and other interested people collected this type of books out of a mixture of curiosity and sentiment.

Ex. This article argues that critical thinking, a long sought after goal in the US educational system, may be taught efficiently through the agency of library use instructions within the college environment.

----

* actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.

* aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).

* aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.

* búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.

* coger por sorpresa = catch out.

* Día + por la tarde = late + Día.

* digamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* dominar por completo = sweep + the board.

* encontrar por casualidad = come across.

* encuadernación por encargo = bespoke binding.

* error por omisión = omission failure.

* estar por delante de = be ahead of.

* hecho por encargo = bespoke.

* introducir por primera vez = pioneer.

* leer por encima = browse.

* llamar por teléfono = call up.

* muy por encima de todo = over and above all.

* Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.

* ordenado por fecha = in date order.

* pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], skip over, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by.

* pongamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* por accidente = accidentally.

* por adelantado = advance, in advance (of), up-front [up front].

* por ahí = out there.

* por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.

* por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.

* por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.

* por algún motivo = for whatever reason.

* por algún tiempo = for sometime.

* por allí = nearby [near-by].

* por amor al arte = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por analogía = by analogy.

* por anticipado = in advance (of).

* por antonomasia = quintessential, unique.

* por añadidura = in addition (to), on top of everything else.

* por aquel entonces = at the time, about that time, by this time.

* por aquí = around here, nearby [near-by], round here.

* por aquí y por allí = hanging about.

* por así decir = as it were.

* por boca de = by word of mouth.

* por bondad = out of the goodness of + Posesivo + heart.

* por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.

* por buen camino = a step in the right direction.

* por cabeza = per person.

* por cable = wireline, corded.

* por caminos apartados = off-road.

* por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], layered, tiered.

* por casualidad = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por chiripa = by chance, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).

* por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.

* por coincidencia = by coincidence.

* por comodidad = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por completo = fully.

* por confirmar = to be announced, to be confirmed.

* por consideración a = out of respect for.

* por consideración a = out of consideration for.

* por consiguiente = consequently, then, thence, by implication, therefore.

* por contra = in contrast.

* por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por correo = by post, mailed.

* por cortesía de = courtesy of.

* por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.

* por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.

* por cuanto que = because.

* por cuenta ajena = vicariously.

* por cuenta de uno = privately.

* por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.

* por curiosidad = out of curiosity.

* por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.

* por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.

* por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.

* por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.

* por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.

* por debajo de las posibilidades = below + Posesivo + capabilities.

* por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.

* por debajo de lo óptimo = sub-optimal [suboptimal].

* por debajo del peso nomral = underweight.

* por décadas = ten-yearly.

* por decidir = to be decided.

* por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.

* por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.

* por decirlo de algún modo = in a manner of speaking, so to speak.

* por decisión propia = by choice.

* por defecto = by default, default.

* por deferencia a = in deference to.

* por definición = by definition.

* por delante = ahead.

* por delante de = ahead of.

* por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.

* por delante y por detrás = front and back.

* por dentro = inwardly.

* por desgracia = unfortunately, sadly, unhappily, disappointingly.

* por despecho = spitefully, out of spite.

* ¡por dios! = in heaven's name, for God's sake, gosh.

* ¡por Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por diversión = for sport, for fun, (just) for the hell of (doing) it, for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por divertirse = for kicks.

* por doquier = all around.

* por dos años = two-year.

* por ejemplo = e.g. (latín - exempli gratia), for example, for instance, say, to illustrate, for the sake of + argument.

* por (el) amor a = for the love of.

* ¡por el amor de Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* por el cual = whereby, whereupon.

* por el detalle = for detail.

* por el día = by day, daytime [day-time], during the daytime, in the daytime, during daytime.

* por el día o por la noche = day or night.

* por el día y por la noche = day and night, night and day.

* por elección propia = by choice.

* por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.

* por el gobierno federal = federally.

* por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.

* por el hombre = humanly.

* por ello = on this basis, on that basis, accordingly.

* por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.

* por el modo = by the way.

* por el momento = for the time being, momentarily, at the moment, for the nonce, for the present.

* por el placer de hacerlo = (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.

* por el receptor = at the receiving end.

* por el sexo = gendered.

* por encargo = custom, bespoke.

* por encima = overhead, cursorily.

* por encima de = across, beyond, beyond all, over, over and above, beyond the range of, well over + Expresión Numérica, overarching, above.

* por encima de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.

* por encima de eso = beyond that.

* por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.

* por encima de la media = above average.

* por encima de la tierra = aboveground.

* por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.

* por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.

* por ende = thereby, accordingly, therefore.

* por enfado = out of anger.

* por enojo = out of anger.

* por error = by mistake.

* por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.

* por escrito = in writing, in print, written.

* por eso = on that score, therefore.

* por eso que = hence.

* por esta razón = for this reason.

* por esta única razón = for this reason alone.

* por este motivo = for this reason.

* por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.

* por etapas = staged.

* por excelencia = par excellence, quintessential, unique.

* por exceso = excessively, to excess.

* por explotar = untapped.

* por + Expresión Temporal = by the + Expresión Temporal.

* por extensión = by extension.

* por extenso = in full, at length.

* por falta de = for want of, for lack of.

* por fases = staged.

* por favor = please.

* por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].

* por fin = at length, at last, finally, at long last.

* por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).

* por frustración = out of frustration.

* por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.

* por grupos = in batches.

* por gusto = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por hora = hourly.

* por horas = on an hourly basis.

* por igual = alike, on an equitable basis, equally, in equal measure(s).

* por imitación = copycat.

* por incremento gradual = incremental.

* por incrementos graduales = incrementally.

* por individuo = per capita, per person.

* por iniciativa de = at the instigation of, under the auspices of.

* por instinto = instinctively.

* por interés = out of interest.

* por interés personal = self-interested.

* por investigar = unresearched.

* por invitación = invitational.

* por invitación de = at the invitation of.

* por la borda = overboard.

* por la cantidad de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por la forma = by the way.

* por la friolera de + Cantidad = to the tune of + Cantidad.

* por la fuerza = forcibly.

* por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.

* por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.

* por la manera = by the way.

* por la mañana = in the morning.

* por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.

* por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.

* por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.

* por la presente = hereby.

* por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.

* por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.

* por las nubes = soaring.

* por la tarde = in the evening.

* por ley = mandated.

* por libre = freelance.

* por línea telefónica = over the telephone line.

* por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.

* por lo pronto = for the time being.

* por lo que = so.

* por lo que concierne a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, so far as + Nombre + be concerned.

* por lo que concierne a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.

* por lo que es = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que incumbe a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.

* por lo que se refiere a = moving on to.

* por lo que son = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.

* por los pelos = by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, close call, close shave.

* por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.

* por los suelos = in tatters.

* por lo tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por lo visto = apparently, apparently.

* por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.

* por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.

* por mal camino = astray.

* por más que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por materias = subject-based, topically.

* por mecionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention only a few.

* por medio = out of.

* por medio de = by means of, by way of, in the form of, through, via, via the medium of, by dint of, through the agency of.

* por medio de isótopos = isotopically.

* por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.

* por medio de una agencia = on a bureau basis.

* por mencionar sólo algunos = to mention but a few of, to mention only a few.

* por mencionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention but a few of, to name only some.

* por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.

* por menús = menu-driven.

* por méritos = meritorious.

* por mes = per month.

* por miedo de = for fear of/that.

* por millones = in the millions, by the millions.

* por mor de = because of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.

* por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.

* por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.

* por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.

* por muchas razones = in many ways.

* por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + que + Subjuntivo = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + Verbo.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.

* por muy + Adjetivo + be = Adjetivo + though + Nombre + be.

* por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.

* por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.

* por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy mentira que parezca = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, strangely enough, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.

* por nada = for nothing.

* por nada del mundo = for the life of me.

* por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por naturaleza = by nature, by definition, characteristically, natural-born, naturally, inherently.

* por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.

* por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.

* por no decir algo peor = to put it mildly.

* por no decir nada de = to say nothing of.

* por no decir nunca = if ever.

* por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.

* por nombrar (sólo) + Número = to name (only) + Número.

* por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.

* por nombrar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por + Nombre = on a + Adjetivo + basis.

* por no mencionar = not to mention.

* por norma = as a rule.

* por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.

* por orden de = mandated.

* por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.

* por orden de llegada = on a first come first served basis.

* por orden numérico = in numerical order.

* por otra parte = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side.

* por otro lado = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.

* por parejas = in pairs.

* por parte de = on the part of.

* por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.

* por pasar el rato = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por pereza = lazily.

* por + Período de Tiempo = for + Expresión Temporal.

* por persona = per person.

* por placer = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por poco dinero = cheaply.

* por poco o nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por poderes = by proxy.

* por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.

* por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.

* por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + parte = for + Posesivo + part.

* por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.

* por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.

* por principio = on principle.

* por principios = as a matter of principle.

* por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.

* por + Pronombre + mismo = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.

* por propia iniciativa = self-directed.

* por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.

* por pura diversión = for kicks.

* por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por qué = why.

* por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.

* por razones de = for the sake of.

* por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.

* por razones éticas = on moral grounds.

* por razones morales = on moral grounds.

* por razones personales = for personal reasons.

* por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.

* por rencor = out of spite.

* por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.

* por rumores = grapevine.

* por rutina = routinely.

* por sacos = by the sackful.

* por satélite = satellite-based.

* por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.

* por seguridad = for safety reasons.

* por semana = per week.

* por separado = at different times, in isolation, separately, singly.

* por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.

* por sexo = along gender lines.

* por si = in the chance that.

* por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec, for good measure.

* por si casualidad = in the chance that.

* por si era poco = for good measure.

* por si fuera poco = to boot, for good measure, to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.

* por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.

* por sí mismo = for its/their own sake, in itself, in + Posesivo + own right, itself, unto + Reflexivo, in and of + Reflexivo.

* por sí mismos = in themselves.

* por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.

* por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].

* por sí solo = by itself, for its/their own sake, on its own, in and of + Reflexivo, in itself.

* por sí solos = by themselves, in themselves.

* por si + tener + suerte = on spec.

* por sorpresa = unawares.

* por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.

* por suerte = luckily, fortunately, happily.

* por suerte o por desgracia = for better or (for) worse, by luck or misfortune.

* por su naturaleza = by + Posesivo + nature.

* por su papel = in its role.

* por su parte = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.

* por su propio derecho = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.

* ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid, heaven forbid.

* por suscripción = subscriber + Nombre.

* por su volatilidad = mercurially.

* por su volubilidad = mercurially.

* por tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por teléfono = on the telephone, by tele(phone), over the phone, over the telephone.

* por temas = topically.

* por temor a = for fear of/that.

* por temor a represalias = under duress.

* por término medio = on average.

* por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].

* por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.

* por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].

* por toda la provincia = province-wide.

* por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.

* por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.

* por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.

* por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].

* por todo el continente = continent-wide.

* por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].

* por todo el gobierno = government-wide.

* por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.

* por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.

* por todo el servicio = service-wide.

* por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.

* por todo + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.

* por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.

* por todos conocido = well-known.

* por todos lados = left, right and centre, far and wide.

* por todos los medios = by all means.

* por todos sitios = everywhere.

* por triplicado = in triplicate.

* por trueque = in kind.

* por turnos = on a rotating basis, on a rota basis, on a rota system, on a rota.

* por última vez = for the last time, one last time.

* por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.

* por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.

* por una lado... por otro = at one end... at the other.

* por unanimidad = unanimously.

* por una parte = on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un gran margen = by a huge margin.

* por un gustazo, un trancazo = a kingdom for a kiss.

* por unidad = per unit.

* por un lado = for one, on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.

* por un momento = for a moment.

* por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own, for + Reflexivo.

* por unos momentos = for a few moments, for a short time.

* por uno solo = solo.

* por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.

* por un tiempo = for a time.

* por un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come, for indefinite time.

* por valor de + Cantidad = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.

* por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.

* por venganza = out of spite.

* por voluntad propia = voluntarily.

* quedar por ver = remain + to be seen.

* tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.

* transporte por tierra = land transport.

* utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.

* venta al por mayor = wholesaling.

* * *

preposición

Sentido I

1) ( en relaciones causales) because of

lo he puesto aquí por el gato — I've put it here because of the cat

por falta de dinero — because of o owing to lack of money

eso te pasa por crédulo — that's what you get for being (so) gullible

por naturaleza — by nature

por necesidad — out of necessity

tanto por su precio como por su calidad — both for its price and its quality

fue por eso que vine — that was why I came

si no fuera por mi hijo... — if it wasn't for my son...

fue elogiado por su actuación — he was praised for his performance

por + inf — for -ing

me pidió perdón por haberme mentido — he apologized for lying o for having lied to me

2) ( según)

por lo que he oído — from what I've heard

por lo que parece... — it seems o it would seem...

3) (en locs)

por qué — why

¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

por si — in case; acaso, mosca II

4) ( en expresiones concesivas)

por más que me esfuerzo — however hard o no matter how hard I try

por (muy) fácil que sea — however easy o no matter how easy it is

5)

a) ( en expresiones de modo)

colócalos por orden de tamaño/altura — put them in order of size/height

por orden de altura — in order of height

por adelantado — in advance

por escrito — in writing

b) ( indicando el medio)

se lo comunicaron por teléfono — they told him over the phone

lo dijeron por la radio — they said it on the radio

por avión/barco/carretera — by air/sea/road

la conocí por la voz — I recognized her by her voice

me enteré por un amigo — I heard from o through a friend

lo intenté por todos los medios — I tried everything possible o every possible way

c) (Educ) from

es doctor honoris causa por Oxford — he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford

6)

a) ( en relaciones de proporción)

cobra $30 por clase — he charges $30 a o per class

120 kilómetros por hora — 120 kilometers an o per hour

lo venden por metro — they sell it by the meter

tú comes por tres — you eat enough for three people

había un hombre por cada dos mujeres — there was one man to every two women

tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho — it's three meters long by one meter wide

es bastante por hoy — it's enough for today

uno por uno — one by one; ciento II

b) ( en multiplicaciones)

tres por cuatro (son) doce — three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

7)

a) (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación) for

su secretaria firmó por él — his secretary signed for him o on his behalf

yo puedo ir por ti — I can go for you o in your place

podrías pasar por inglesa — you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman

es senador por Sevilla — he's a senator for Seville

b) ( como)

por ejemplo — for example

¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? — do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

8) ( introduciendo el agente) by

compuesto por Mozart — composed by Mozart

se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta — they were caught in a sudden storm

Sentido II

9) (expresando finalidad, objetivo)

pelearse por algo — to fight over something

lo hace por el dinero — he does it for the money

te lo digo por tu bien — I'm telling you for your own good

no tengo por qué ir — there's no reason why I should go

por + inf: daría cualquier cosa por verla — I'd give anything to see her

no entré por no molestar — I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him

eso es hablar por hablar — that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it

por que + subj ( here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan — he was eager for them to listen to him

lucharon por que se hiciera justicia — they fought for justice to be done

10) (indicando consideración, favor) for

por mí no lo hagas — don't do it just for me o for my sake

11) (indicando inclinación, elección)

su amor por la música — her love of music

demostró interés por el cuadro — he showed interest in the painting

no siento nada por él — I don't feel anything for him

opté por no ir — I chose not to go

votó por ella — he voted for her

12) ( en busca de)

salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan — he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

13) ( en lo que respecta a)

por mí no hay inconveniente — I don't mind

por mí que haga lo que quiera — as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

14) ( indicando una situación pendiente)

por + inf: tengo la casa por limpiar — I've got the house to clean

estos cambios aún están por hacer — these changes are yet to be made

eso está por ver! — we'll see about that!

15) (esp AmL)

estar por + inf — ( estar a punto de)

deben (de) estar por llegar — they should be arriving any minute

la leche está por hervir — the milk's about to boil

Sentido III

16) (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria)

entró por la ventana — he came in through the window

no va a pasar por la puerta — it won't go through the door

sal por aquí — go out this way

se cayó por la escalera — he fell down the stairs

subieron por la ladera este — they went up by the east face

¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? — does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

fuimos por el camino más largo — we took the longer route

¿por dónde has venido? — which way did you come?

¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? — could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

17)

a) ( expresando lugar indeterminado)

está por ahí — he's over there somewhere

¿por dónde está or queda el hotel? — whereabouts is the hotel?

viven por mi barrio — they live around my area

¿qué tal te fue por Londres? — how did you get on in London?

por todos lados or por todas partes — everywhere

b) ( expresando lugar determinado)

corta por aquí — cut here

voy por la página 15 — I'm up to o I'm on page 15

empieza por el principio — start at the beginning

agárralo por el mango — hold it by the handle

c) ( indicando extensión)

por todo el país — throughout the (whole) country

viajamos por el norte de Francia — we travelled around o in the North of France

pasa un trapo por el piso — give the floor a quick wipe; ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera, encima, etc

Sentido IV

18) ( expresando tiempo aproximado)

por aquella época or por aquel entonces — at that time

sucedió allá por 1960 — it happened some time back around 1960

19) (Esp) ( indicando una ocasión) for

me lo regaló por mi cumpleaños — she gave it to me for my birthday

20) ( durante) for

por los siglos de los siglos — for ever and ever

por el momento or por ahora — for the time being o for now; ver tb mañana III, tarde II, noche

* * *

= across, along, around, because of, by, by, down, for the sake of, in connection with, in the gift of, on account of, on the grounds that/of, per, through, times, under, x, as a matter of, out of, through the agency of.

Ex: This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.

Ex: This means that a large number of messages can be combined together along the same line, giving economies of scales.

Ex: I wouldn't expect you to be detailed in your report in terms of where the bookmible would stop around town and where you'd park it.

Ex: This makes him feel somehow defficient and all because of his difficulty in making sense out of words in print with which his troubles began.

Ex: A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.

Ex: Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.

Ex: Some users find the format of KWIC indexes unacceptable, they find alphabetical arrangement by keywords down the centre of a page, and wrapped-round titles awkward.

Ex: The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.

Ex: There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.

Ex: Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.

Ex: Partly on account of the variety of bases for coverage there is significant overlap between the assortment of abstracting and indexing services.

Ex: AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.

Ex: Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.

Ex: The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.

Ex: 4 days times 30 cents per day = 120 cents.

Ex: One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.

Ex: Card catalogues or indexes comprise a set of cards often 5x3 inches (122x72 mm), with each entry on a separate card.

Ex: Most drivers stop at stop signs: Some do under duress -- there may be a policeman concealed in nearby bushes, others as a matter of prudence -- a fast car with the right of way can be injurious.

Ex: But these and other interested people collected this type of books out of a mixture of curiosity and sentiment.

Ex: This article argues that critical thinking, a long sought after goal in the US educational system, may be taught efficiently through the agency of library use instructions within the college environment.

* actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.

* aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).

* aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.

* búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.

* coger por sorpresa = catch out.

* Día + por la tarde = late + Día.

* digamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* dominar por completo = sweep + the board.

* encontrar por casualidad = come across.

* encuadernación por encargo = bespoke binding.

* error por omisión = omission failure.

* estar por delante de = be ahead of.

* hecho por encargo = bespoke.

* introducir por primera vez = pioneer.

* leer por encima = browse.

* llamar por teléfono = call up.

* muy por encima de todo = over and above all.

* Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.

* ordenado por fecha = in date order.

* pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], skip over, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by.

* pongamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* por accidente = accidentally.

* por adelantado = advance, in advance (of), up-front [up front].

* por ahí = out there.

* por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.

* por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.

* por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.

* por algún motivo = for whatever reason.

* por algún tiempo = for sometime.

* por allí = nearby [near-by].

* por amor al arte = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por analogía = by analogy.

* por anticipado = in advance (of).

* por antonomasia = quintessential, unique.

* por añadidura = in addition (to), on top of everything else.

* por aquel entonces = at the time, about that time, by this time.

* por aquí = around here, nearby [near-by], round here.

* por aquí y por allí = hanging about.

* por así decir = as it were.

* por boca de = by word of mouth.

* por bondad = out of the goodness of + Posesivo + heart.

* por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.

* por buen camino = a step in the right direction.

* por cabeza = per person.

* por cable = wireline, corded.

* por caminos apartados = off-road.

* por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], layered, tiered.

* por casualidad = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por chiripa = by chance, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).

* por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.

* por coincidencia = by coincidence.

* por comodidad = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por completo = fully.

* por confirmar = to be announced, to be confirmed.

* por consideración a = out of respect for.

* por consideración a = out of consideration for.

* por consiguiente = consequently, then, thence, by implication, therefore.

* por contra = in contrast.

* por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por correo = by post, mailed.

* por cortesía de = courtesy of.

* por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.

* por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.

* por cuanto que = because.

* por cuenta ajena = vicariously.

* por cuenta de uno = privately.

* por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.

* por curiosidad = out of curiosity.

* por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.

* por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.

* por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.

* por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.

* por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.

* por debajo de las posibilidades = below + Posesivo + capabilities.

* por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.

* por debajo de lo óptimo = sub-optimal [suboptimal].

* por debajo del peso nomral = underweight.

* por décadas = ten-yearly.

* por decidir = to be decided.

* por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.

* por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.

* por decirlo de algún modo = in a manner of speaking, so to speak.

* por decisión propia = by choice.

* por defecto = by default, default.

* por deferencia a = in deference to.

* por definición = by definition.

* por delante = ahead.

* por delante de = ahead of.

* por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.

* por delante y por detrás = front and back.

* por dentro = inwardly.

* por desgracia = unfortunately, sadly, unhappily, disappointingly.

* por despecho = spitefully, out of spite.

* ¡por dios! = in heaven's name, for God's sake, gosh.

* ¡por Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por diversión = for sport, for fun, (just) for the hell of (doing) it, for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por divertirse = for kicks.

* por doquier = all around.

* por dos años = two-year.

* por ejemplo = e.g. (latín - exempli gratia), for example, for instance, say, to illustrate, for the sake of + argument.

* por (el) amor a = for the love of.

* ¡por el amor de Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* por el cual = whereby, whereupon.

* por el detalle = for detail.

* por el día = by day, daytime [day-time], during the daytime, in the daytime, during daytime.

* por el día o por la noche = day or night.

* por el día y por la noche = day and night, night and day.

* por elección propia = by choice.

* por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.

* por el gobierno federal = federally.

* por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.

* por el hombre = humanly.

* por ello = on this basis, on that basis, accordingly.

* por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.

* por el modo = by the way.

* por el momento = for the time being, momentarily, at the moment, for the nonce, for the present.

* por el placer de hacerlo = (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.

* por el receptor = at the receiving end.

* por el sexo = gendered.

* por encargo = custom, bespoke.

* por encima = overhead, cursorily.

* por encima de = across, beyond, beyond all, over, over and above, beyond the range of, well over + Expresión Numérica, overarching, above.

* por encima de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.

* por encima de eso = beyond that.

* por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.

* por encima de la media = above average.

* por encima de la tierra = aboveground.

* por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.

* por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.

* por ende = thereby, accordingly, therefore.

* por enfado = out of anger.

* por enojo = out of anger.

* por error = by mistake.

* por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.

* por escrito = in writing, in print, written.

* por eso = on that score, therefore.

* por eso que = hence.

* por esta razón = for this reason.

* por esta única razón = for this reason alone.

* por este motivo = for this reason.

* por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.

* por etapas = staged.

* por excelencia = par excellence, quintessential, unique.

* por exceso = excessively, to excess.

* por explotar = untapped.

* por + Expresión Temporal = by the + Expresión Temporal.

* por extensión = by extension.

* por extenso = in full, at length.

* por falta de = for want of, for lack of.

* por fases = staged.

* por favor = please.

* por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].

* por fin = at length, at last, finally, at long last.

* por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).

* por frustración = out of frustration.

* por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.

* por grupos = in batches.

* por gusto = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por hora = hourly.

* por horas = on an hourly basis.

* por igual = alike, on an equitable basis, equally, in equal measure(s).

* por imitación = copycat.

* por incremento gradual = incremental.

* por incrementos graduales = incrementally.

* por individuo = per capita, per person.

* por iniciativa de = at the instigation of, under the auspices of.

* por instinto = instinctively.

* por interés = out of interest.

* por interés personal = self-interested.

* por investigar = unresearched.

* por invitación = invitational.

* por invitación de = at the invitation of.

* por la borda = overboard.

* por la cantidad de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por la forma = by the way.

* por la friolera de + Cantidad = to the tune of + Cantidad.

* por la fuerza = forcibly.

* por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.

* por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.

* por la manera = by the way.

* por la mañana = in the morning.

* por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.

* por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.

* por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.

* por la presente = hereby.

* por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.

* por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.

* por las nubes = soaring.

* por la tarde = in the evening.

* por ley = mandated.

* por libre = freelance.

* por línea telefónica = over the telephone line.

* por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.

* por lo pronto = for the time being.

* por lo que = so.

* por lo que concierne a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, so far as + Nombre + be concerned.

* por lo que concierne a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.

* por lo que es = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que incumbe a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.

* por lo que se refiere a = moving on to.

* por lo que son = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.

* por los pelos = by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, close call, close shave.

* por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.

* por los suelos = in tatters.

* por lo tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por lo visto = apparently, apparently.

* por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.

* por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.

* por mal camino = astray.

* por más que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por materias = subject-based, topically.

* por mecionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention only a few.

* por medio = out of.

* por medio de = by means of, by way of, in the form of, through, via, via the medium of, by dint of, through the agency of.

* por medio de isótopos = isotopically.

* por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.

* por medio de una agencia = on a bureau basis.

* por mencionar sólo algunos = to mention but a few of, to mention only a few.

* por mencionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention but a few of, to name only some.

* por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.

* por menús = menu-driven.

* por méritos = meritorious.

* por mes = per month.

* por miedo de = for fear of/that.

* por millones = in the millions, by the millions.

* por mor de = because of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.

* por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.

* por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.

* por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.

* por muchas razones = in many ways.

* por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + que + Subjuntivo = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + Verbo.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.

* por muy + Adjetivo + be = Adjetivo + though + Nombre + be.

* por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.

* por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.

* por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy mentira que parezca = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, strangely enough, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.

* por nada = for nothing.

* por nada del mundo = for the life of me.

* por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por naturaleza = by nature, by definition, characteristically, natural-born, naturally, inherently.

* por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.

* por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.

* por no decir algo peor = to put it mildly.

* por no decir nada de = to say nothing of.

* por no decir nunca = if ever.

* por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.

* por nombrar (sólo) + Número = to name (only) + Número.

* por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.

* por nombrar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por + Nombre = on a + Adjetivo + basis.

* por no mencionar = not to mention.

* por norma = as a rule.

* por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.

* por orden de = mandated.

* por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.

* por orden de llegada = on a first come first served basis.

* por orden numérico = in numerical order.

* por otra parte = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side.

* por otro lado = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.

* por parejas = in pairs.

* por parte de = on the part of.

* por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.

* por pasar el rato = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por pereza = lazily.

* por + Período de Tiempo = for + Expresión Temporal.

* por persona = per person.

* por placer = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por poco dinero = cheaply.

* por poco o nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por poderes = by proxy.

* por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.

* por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.

* por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + parte = for + Posesivo + part.

* por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.

* por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.

* por principio = on principle.

* por principios = as a matter of principle.

* por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.

* por + Pronombre + mismo = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.

* por propia iniciativa = self-directed.

* por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.

* por pura diversión = for kicks.

* por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por qué = why.

* por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.

* por razones de = for the sake of.

* por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.

* por razones éticas = on moral grounds.

* por razones morales = on moral grounds.

* por razones personales = for personal reasons.

* por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.

* por rencor = out of spite.

* por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.

* por rumores = grapevine.

* por rutina = routinely.

* por sacos = by the sackful.

* por satélite = satellite-based.

* por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.

* por seguridad = for safety reasons.

* por semana = per week.

* por separado = at different times, in isolation, separately, singly.

* por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.

* por sexo = along gender lines.

* por si = in the chance that.

* por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec, for good measure.

* por si casualidad = in the chance that.

* por si era poco = for good measure.

* por si fuera poco = to boot, for good measure, to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.

* por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.

* por sí mismo = for its/their own sake, in itself, in + Posesivo + own right, itself, unto + Reflexivo, in and of + Reflexivo.

* por sí mismos = in themselves.

* por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.

* por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].

* por sí solo = by itself, for its/their own sake, on its own, in and of + Reflexivo, in itself.

* por sí solos = by themselves, in themselves.

* por si + tener + suerte = on spec.

* por sorpresa = unawares.

* por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.

* por suerte = luckily, fortunately, happily.

* por suerte o por desgracia = for better or (for) worse, by luck or misfortune.

* por su naturaleza = by + Posesivo + nature.

* por su papel = in its role.

* por su parte = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.

* por su propio derecho = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.

* ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid, heaven forbid.

* por suscripción = subscriber + Nombre.

* por su volatilidad = mercurially.

* por su volubilidad = mercurially.

* por tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por teléfono = on the telephone, by tele(phone), over the phone, over the telephone.

* por temas = topically.

* por temor a = for fear of/that.

* por temor a represalias = under duress.

* por término medio = on average.

* por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].

* por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.

* por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].

* por toda la provincia = province-wide.

* por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.

* por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.

* por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.

* por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].

* por todo el continente = continent-wide.

* por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].

* por todo el gobierno = government-wide.

* por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.

* por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.

* por todo el servicio = service-wide.

* por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.

* por todo + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.

* por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.

* por todos conocido = well-known.

* por todos lados = left, right and centre, far and wide.

* por todos los medios = by all means.

* por todos sitios = everywhere.

* por triplicado = in triplicate.

* por trueque = in kind.

* por turnos = on a rotating basis, on a rota basis, on a rota system, on a rota.

* por última vez = for the last time, one last time.

* por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.

* por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.

* por una lado... por otro = at one end... at the other.

* por unanimidad = unanimously.

* por una parte = on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un gran margen = by a huge margin.

* por un gustazo, un trancazo = a kingdom for a kiss.

* por unidad = per unit.

* por un lado = for one, on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.

* por un momento = for a moment.

* por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own, for + Reflexivo.

* por unos momentos = for a few moments, for a short time.

* por uno solo = solo.

* por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.

* por un tiempo = for a time.

* por un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come, for indefinite time.

* por valor de + Cantidad = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.

* por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.

* por venganza = out of spite.

* por voluntad propia = voluntarily.

* quedar por ver = remain + to be seen.

* tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.

* transporte por tierra = land transport.

* utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.

* venta al por mayor = wholesaling.

* * *

por

GUIA DE BUSQUEDA

Sentido I

A en relaciones causales

B según

C ¿por qué?

D en locuciones

E en expresiones concesivas

F

1 en expresiones de modo

2 indicando el medio

3 Educación

G

1 en relaciones de proporción

2 en multiplicaciones

H

1 en relaciones de sustitución etc

2 por ejemplo

I como

Sentido II

A al expresar finalidad, objetivo

B indicando consideración, favor

C indicando inclinación, elección

D en busca de

E en lo que respecta a

F indicando una situación pendiente

G estar por

Sentido III

A indicando lugar de acceso, salida

B

expresando lugar indeterminado

C expresando lugar determinado

D indicando extensión

Sentido IV

A expresando tiempo aproximado

B indicando una ocasión

C durante

prep

Sentido I

A (en relaciones causales) because of

he puesto esto aquí por el gato I've put this here because of the cat

nunca se lo dijo por miedo a perderla he never told her out of fear of losing her o because he was afraid of losing her

eso te pasa por crédulo that's what you get for being (so) gullible

lo conseguimos por él we got it thanks to him

ella es así por naturaleza she's like that by nature

lo hace por necesidad he does it out of necessity

no se acabó por falta de dinero it wasn't finished for o because of o owing to lack of money

el final no por conocido me resulta menos triste knowing how it ends doesn't make it any less sad

por su alto contenido en proteínas because of o owing to its high protein content

tanto por su precio como por su practicidad both for its price and its practical design

fue por eso por lo que no te llamé or fue por eso que no te llamé that was the reason o that was why I didn't call you

precisamente por eso no dije nada that's precisely why I didn't say anything

la muerte se produjo por asfixia he suffocated, death was caused by suffocation ( frml)

éste serviría si no fuera por el color this one would do if it weren't for the color

fue elogiado por su excelente actuación he was praised for his excellent performance

por + INF for -ING

me pidió perdón por haberme mentido he apologized for lying o for having lied to me

eso

B (según) from

por lo que he oído from what I've heard

por lo que parece no va a volver it seems o it would seem he's not coming back

por mi experiencia diría que … from my experience, I would say that …

C ( fam):

¿por? why?

¿con quién vas? — con Daniel ¿por? who are you going with? — with Daniel, why? o why do you want to know?

D ( en locuciones):

por qué why

¿por qué lloras? why are you crying?

¿por qué no vienes a almorzar a casa? why don't you come to my house for lunch?

por si in case

llévate una muda, por si tuvieras que quedarte take a change of clothes (just) in case you have to stay

acaso, mosca² (↑ mosca (2))

E (en expresiones concesivas) por … QUE:

por más que me esfuerzo me sigue saliendo mal no matter how hard I try o however hard I try, I still can't get it right

(+ subj): por (muy) fácil que se lo pongan, no creo que lo sepa hacer however easy o no matter how easy they make it for him I don't think he'll be able to do it

F

1

(en expresiones de modo): clasifícalos por tamaño classify them according to size o by size

colóquense por orden de altura line up in order of height

por adelantado in advance

por escrito in writing

2

(indicando el medio): se lo comunicaron por teléfono they told him over the phone

lo dijeron por la radio they said it on the radio

lo mandaron por avión/barco they sent it by air/sea

por carretera by road

la conocí por la voz I recognized the o her voice, I recognized her by her voice

me enteré por un amigo I heard from o through a friend

conocido por el nombre de Pancho known as Pancho

lo intenté por todos los medios I tried everything possible o every possible way

3 ( Educación):

es doctor honoris causa por Oxford he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford

un graduado en ciencias políticas por la universidad de Granada a graduate in political science from the university of Granada

G

1

(en relaciones de proporción): cobra $30 por clase he charges $30 a o per class

120 kilómetros por hora 120 kilometers an o per hour

lo venden por metro they sell it by the meter

tú comes por tres you eat enough for three people

había un hombre por cada dos mujeres there was one man to every two women

tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho it's three meters long by one meter wide

ya hemos hecho bastante por hoy we've done enough for today

los hizo entrar uno por uno she made them come in one by one o one at a time

examinar un escrito punto por punto to go through a document point by point

ciento² (↑ ciento (2))

2 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ]

(en multiplicaciones): tres por cuatro (son) doce three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

H

1

(en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación): su secretaria firmó por él his secretary signed for him o on his behalf

yo puedo ir por ti I can go for you o in your place

por toda respuesta se encogió de hombros all he did was shrug his shoulders

tú podrías pasar por inglesa you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman

te dan uno nuevo por dos viejos they give you one new one in exchange for two old ones

es senador por Canarias he's a senator for the Canary Islands

2

(como): por ejemplo for example

¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

I (introduciendo el agente) by

un lugar frecuentado por muchos famosos a place frequented by many famous people

se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta they were caught in a sudden storm

la ocupación de la fábrica por (parte de) los obreros the occupation of the factory by the workers

ver tb parte² f B. (↑ parte (2))

Sentido II

A

(al expresar finalidad, objetivo): se estaban peleando por la pelota they were fighting over the ball

lo hace por el dinero he does it for the money

te lo digo por tu bien I'm telling you for your own good

por + INF:

daría cualquier cosa por verte contento I'd give anything to see you happy

no entré por no molestar I didn't go in so as not to disturb him o because I didn't want to disturb him

eso es hablar por hablar that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it

por QUE + SUBJ here por que can also be written porque:

estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan he was eager for them to listen to him

recemos por que lleguen a un acuerdo let's pray that they'll come to an agreement

siguieron luchando por que se hiciera justicia they continued fighting for justice to be done

B

(indicando consideración, favor): haría cualquier cosa por ti I'd do anything for you

intercede por nosotros intercede for us

por mí no lo hagas don't do it just for me o for my sake

C

(indicando inclinación, elección): su amor por la música her love of music

demostró gran interés por el cuadro he showed great interest in the painting

no siento nada por él I don't feel anything for him

opté por no ir I chose not to go

votó por ella he voted for her

¿por la afirmativa? all those in favor?

se manifestaron por el derecho al aborto they demonstrated for the right to abortion

estar por algn ( fam); to be crazy about sb

D

(en busca de): salió/fue poror ( Esp) a por pan he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

E

(en lo que respecta a): por mí no hay inconveniente I don't mind

que haga lo que le dé la gana, por mí … let him do what he likes, as far as I'm concerned …

F (indicando una situación pendiente) por + INF:

tengo toda la casa por limpiar I've got the whole house to clean

estos cambios aún están por hacer these changes have still not been made o are yet to be made

ver² vt C 1. (↑ ver (2))

G

( AmL) estar por + INF (estar a punto de): deben de estar por llegar they should be arriving any minute

la leche está por hervir the milk's about to boil

Sentido III

A

(indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria): entró por la ventana he came in through the window

sal por aquí go out this way

el acceso al edificio es por la calle Lamas you enter the building from Lamas Street

el piano no va a pasar por la puerta the piano won't go through the door

se cayó por la escalera he fell down the stairs

subieron por la ladera este they went up by the east face

¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

fuimos por el camino más largo we took the longer route

no vayas por ahí que te vas a perder don't go that way, you'll get lost

¿por dónde has venido? which way did you come?

¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

B

(expresando lugar indeterminado): está por ahí he's over there somewhere

¿por dónde está or queda el restaurante? whereabouts is the restaurant?

viven por el sur/por mi barrio they live in the south somewhere/around my area

hace mucho que no lo vemos por aquí we haven't seen him around here for ages

¿qué tal te fue por Londres? how did you get on in London?

C

(expresando lugar determinado): corta por aquí cut here

voy por la página 15 I'm up to o I'm on page 15

empieza por el principio start at the beginning

agárralo por el mango hold it by the handle

D

(indicando extensión): lo he buscado por todos lados or por todas partes I've looked everywhere for it

la epidemia se extendió por todo el país the epidemic spread throughout the (whole) country

estuvimos viajando por el norte de Francia we were traveling around o in the North of France

fuimos a caminar por la playa we went for a walk along the beach

pasa un trapo por el piso give the floor a quick wipe

ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera¹ adv A 1. (↑ fuera (1)), encima, por etc

Sentido IV

A

(expresando tiempo aproximado): por aquella época at that time

por aquel entonces vivían en Pozuelo at that time they were living in Pozuelo

sucedió por allá por 1960 it happened some time back around 1960

B ( Esp) (indicando una ocasión) for

me lo regalaron por mi cumpleaños they gave it to me for my birthday

por Semana Santa pensamos ir a Londres we're thinking of going to London for Easter

C (durante) for

por los siglos de los siglos for ever and ever

no se lo confío ni por un minuto I wouldn't trust him with it for a minute

puede quedar así por el momento or por ahora it can stay like that for the time being o for now

ver tb mañana³ (↑ mañana (3)), tarde² (↑ tarde (2)), noche

* * *

por preposición
1 ( causa) because of;
◊ por falta de dinero because of o owing to lack of money;

por naturaleza by nature;
por necesidad out of necessity;
por eso no dije nada that's why I didn't say anything;
fue por eso que no te llamé that was why I didn't call you;
si no fuera por mi hijo … if it wasn't for my son …;
me pidió perdón por haberme mentido he apologized for lying o for having lied to me
2 ( en locs)
◊ por qué why;

no dijo por qué he didn't say why;
¿por qué no vienes conmigo? why don't you come with me?;
por si in case;
por si no entiende in case he doesn't understand;
See Also→ acaso 2, mosca
3 ( en expresiones concesivas):
◊ por más que me esfuerzo however hard o no matter how hard I try;

por (muy) fácil que sea however easy o no matter how easy it is
4
a) ( modo):

◊ colócalos por orden de tamaño put them in order of size;

por adelantado in advance;
por escrito in writing
b) ( medio):

◊ se lo comunicaron por teléfono they told him over the phone;

lo dijeron por la radio they said it on the radio;
por avión by air;
la conocí por la voz I recognized her by her voice;
me enteré por un amigo I heard from o through a friend
5
a) ( proporción):

◊ cobra $30 por clase he charges $30 a o per class;

120 kilómetros por hora 120 kilometers an o per hour;
por metro/docena by the meter/dozen;
tú comes por tres you eat enough for three people;
tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho it's three meters long by one meter wide;
uno por uno one by one;
See Also→ ciento sustantivo masculino b
b) ( en multiplicaciones):

◊ tres por cuatro (son) doce three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

6
a) ( sustitución) for;

◊ su secretaria firmó por él his secretary signed for him o on his behalf;

pasa por inglesa she passes for an Englishwoman
b) ( como):

◊ por ejemplo for example

7 ( introduciendo el agente) by;
◊ compuesto por Mozart composed by Mozart

1 (finalidad, objetivo):
◊ pelearse por algo to fight over sth;

lo hace por el dinero he does it for the money;
no entré por no molestarlo I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him;
por que + subj (here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan he was eager for them to listen to him
2 (indicando inclinación, elección):
◊ su amor por la música her love of music;

no siento nada por él I don't feel anything for him;
votó por ella he voted for her
3 ( en busca de): salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread
4 ( en lo que respecta a):
◊ por mí que haga lo que quiera as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

5 (esp AmL) estar por + inf ( estar a punto de) to be about to + inf;
◊ está por terminar he's about to finish;

deben (de) estar por llegar they should be arriving any minute
1
a) ( lugar):

◊ entró por la ventana he came in through the window;

sal por aquí go out this way;
se cayó por la escalera he fell down the stairs;
¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?;
¿por dónde has venido? which way did you come?;
está por ahí he's over there somewhere;
¿por dónde está el hotel? whereabouts is the hotel?;
viven por mi barrio they live around my area;
voy por la página 15 I'm up to o I'm on page 15;
empieza por el principio start at the beginning;
agárralo por el mango hold it by the handle
b) ( indicando extensión): por todos lados or por todas partes everywhere;

◊ viajamos por el norte de Francia we traveled around o in the North of France;

ver tb dentro, fuera, encima, etc
2 ( tiempo) for;
◊ por un mes for a month;

por el momento or por ahora for the time being, for now;
ver tb mañana, tarde, noche
3 (Esp) ( ocasión) for;
◊ me lo regaló por mi cumpleaños she gave it to me for my birthday

por preposición
1 (autoría) by: está escrito por mí, it was written by me
2 (camino, lugar) through: viajamos por Castilla, we travelled round Castilla
3 (medio) lo enviaron por avión, they sent it by plane
me enteré por el periódico, I read about it in the newspaper
4 (motivo, causa) because of
por tu culpa, because of you
(en favor de) for: hazlo por ellos, do it for their sake
por la libertad, for freedom
5 (en torno a) por San Juan, near Saint John's Day
6 (durante) por la mañana/noche, in the morning/at night
por el momento, for the time being
7 (a través) entramos por la puerta, we got in through the door
miramos por la ventana, we looked out (of) the window
pasamos por la ciudad, we went through the town
8 (sobre, por encima de) cruzaremos por el puente, we'll cross the bridge
9 (delante de) paso todos los días por tu casa, I go by your house every day
10 (a cambio de) for: te doy mi helado por tu yogur, I'll swap you my ice-cream for your yoghurt
11 (en una distribución, cálculo) por cabeza, a head, per person
mil pesetas por hora, a thousand pesetas per hour
dos mil revoluciones por minuto, two thousand revolutions per minute
12 (en una multiplicación) dos por dos, cuatro, two times two is four
un diez por ciento, ten per cent
13 (con infinitivo) in order to, so as to
trabajar por trabajar, to work for the sake of it
♦ Locuciones: por así decirlo, so to speak
por más/mucho que..., no matter how...
por qué, why
' por' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- abogar
- abonar
- abonarse
- abotargada
- abotargado
- abuelo
- acabar
- acaso
- accidente
- acercarse
- acertar
- aclamación
- acomplejada
- acomplejado
- acomplejarse
- acoquinar
- acostumbrar
- actual
- adelantada
- adelantado
- adivinar
- admitir
- adoración
- aérea
- aéreo
- afanarse
- afectada I
- afectado
- afición
- agradecer
- aguantar
- ahí
- ahogada
- ahogado
- ahora
- ahorcarse
- ahorrar
- aire
- alegrarse
- algo
- allá
- allí
- almacén
- alquiler
- alta
- alto
- aludida
- aludido
- amarga
English:
A
- aback
- ablaze
- about
- above
- absence
- absorb
- accident
- accidentally
- acclaim
- accompany
- accord
- accordingly
- account
- accustom
- actual
- actually
- add to
- advocate
- after
- afternoon
- again
- against
- air
- airmail
- alert
- allowance
- alone
- alphabetically
- alternately
- amble
- amends
- amok
- angry
- annihilate
- annoy
- answer for
- answering service
- antipathy
- anxious
- anywhere
- apologetic
- apologize
- appal
- appall
- apparently
- appearance
- appease
- appointment
- appreciate

* * *

por prep

1. [indica causa] because of;

llegó tarde por el tráfico she was late because of the traffic;

lo hizo por amor he did it out of o for love;

me disculpé por llegar tarde I apologized for arriving late;

miré dentro por simple curiosidad I looked inside out of pure curiosity;

accidentes por conducción temeraria accidents caused by reckless driving;

muertes por enfermedades cardiovasculares deaths from cardiovascular disease;

no quise llamar por la hora (que era) I didn't want to call because of the time;

cerrado por vacaciones/reformas [en letrero] closed for holidays/alterations;

por mí no te preocupes don't worry about me;
Esp
fue por eso por lo que tuvimos tantos problemas, Am [m5] fue por eso que tuvimos tantos problemas that's why we had so many problems;

eso te pasa por (ser tan) generoso that's what you get for being so generous;

la razón por (la) que dimite the reason (why) she is resigning;

¿por qué? why?;

¿por qué no vienes? why don't you come?;

¿por qué lo preguntas? – por nada why do you ask? – no reason;
Fam
¿por? why?;

por si in case;

por si se te olvida in case you forget

2. [indica indicio]
por lo que me dices/lo que he oído no debe de ser tan difícil from what you say/what I've heard, it can't be that difficult;

por lo que tengo entendido, viven juntos as I understand it, they live together, my understanding is that they live together;

por lo visto, por lo que se ve apparently

3. [indica finalidad] (antes de infinitivo) (in order) to;

* * *

por

prp

1 motivo for, because of;

lo hace por mí he does it for me;

lo hizo por amor she did it out of o for love;

luchó por sus ideales he fought for his ideals;

por miedo a ofenderle for fear of upsetting her;

vino por verme he came to see me

2 medio by;

por avión by air;

por correo by mail, Br

tb by post

3 tiempo

:

por un año/un segundo for a year/a second;

por la mañana in the morning;

por Navidad around Christmas

4 movimiento

:

por la calle down the street;

por un tunel through a tunnel;

por aquí this way

5 posición aproximada around, about;

está por aquí it’s around here (somewhere);

vive por el centro de la ciudad she lives somewhere around the center of town

6 cambio

:

por cincuenta pesos for fifty pesos;

por cabeza each, a head

7 otros usos

:

por hora an o per hour;

dos por dos two times two;

¿por qué? why?;

el motivo por el cual o

por el que … the reason why …;

esa factura aún está por pagar that invoice still has to be paid;

tomar por esposa marry;

por difícil que sea however difficult it might be

* * *

por prep

1) : for, during

se quedaron allí por la semana: they stayed there during the week

por el momento: for now, at the moment

2) : around, during

por noviembre empieza a nevar: around November it starts to snow

por la mañana: in the morning

3) : around (a place)

debe estar por allí: it must be over there

por todas partes: everywhere

4) : by, through, along

por la puerta: through the door

pasé por tu casa: I stopped by your house

por la costa: along the coast

5) : for, for the sake of

lo hizo por su madre: he did it for his mother

¡por Dios!: for heaven's sake!

6) : because of, on account of

llegué tarde por el tráfico: I arrived late because of the traffic

dejar por imposible: to give up as impossible

7) : per

60 millas por hora: 60 miles per hour

por docena: by the dozen

8) : for, in exchange for, instead of

su hermana habló por él: his sister spoke on his behalf

9) : by means of

hablar por teléfono: to talk on the phone

por escrito: in writing

10) : as for

por mí: as far as I'm concerned

11) : times

tres por dos son seis: three times two is six

12) según: from, according to

por lo que dices: judging from what you're telling me

13) : as, for

por ejemplo: for example

14) : by

hecho por mi abuela: made by my grandmother

por correo: by mail

15) : for, in order to

lucha por ganar su respeto: he struggles to win her respect

16)

estar por : to be about to

17)

por ciento : percent

18)

por favor : please

19)

por lo tanto : therefore, consequently

20)

¿por qué? : why?

21)

por que porque

22)

por... que : no matter how

por mucho que intente: no matter how hard I try

23)

por si or

por si acaso : just in case

* * *

por prep

1. (a través de) through

entra por la puerta de la derecha go in through the door on the right

por el bosque through the wood

2. (la calle) along / down

iba por la calle I was walking down the street

3. (indica camino) via / by

fuimos por la carretera comarcal we went by the B road

4. (indica una parte concreta) by

sujeta la cacerola por el asa hold the saucepan by its handle

5. (indica el tiempo)

por la mañana in the morning

por Navidades at Christmas

por la noche at night

por unos días for a few days

6. (a causa de) because of

suspendieron el concierto por la lluvia the concert was cancelled because of the rain

7. (a fin de) to / in order to

por complacer al padre in order to please her father

8. (indica el autor) by

el cuadro fue pintado por Picasso the picture was painted by Picasso

9. (en favor o defensa de) for

haría cualquier cosa por su hijo she'd do anything for her son

es por tu propio bien it's for your own good

10. (multiplicado) times

cuatro por cuatro son dieciséis four times four is sixteen

11. (a cambio de) for

lo compré por cien pesetas I bought it for a hundred pesetas

te doy este libro por esos sellos I'll give you this book for those stamps

12. (en vez de) instead of

ya jugaré yo por Jaime I'll play instead of Jaime

13. (indica que una acción todavía no está hecha)

las camas están por hacer the beds still have to be made

ir por / ir a por to fetch

¡ve a por mis zapatillas, por favor! fetch my slippers, please!

por + adjetivo however + adjective

por barato que parezca however cheap it may seem

por mucho que te quejes however much you complain

por aquí (cerca) near here (indicando camino) this way

por ciento per cent

por correo by post

por fin at last

por la fuerza by force

por lo general generally / usually

por lo menos at least

por mí as far as I'm concerned

por si... in case...

por sorpresa by surprise

por supuesto of course

por tanto therefore

por teléfono on the telephone

¿por qué? why?

Spanish-English dictionary > por
13 theorem

теорема

that establishes the theorem — тем самым теорема доказана

the theorem is proved — теорема доказана

theorem implies — из теоремы следует, что…

this concludes the proof of theorem — это завершает доказательство теоремы

under hypothesis of theorem — по условию теоремы

- absolute geometrical theorem

- abstract theorem

- additivity theorem

- adequacy theorem

- alleged theorem

- analytical enumeration theorem
- analytical hierarchy theorem
- analyticity theorem

- approximation theorem

- arithmetical enumeration theorem
- arithmetical hierarchy theorem
- associative theorem

- asymptotic passage theorem

- asymptotic theorem

- auxiliary theorem

- average theorem

- azygetic theorem

- bachet's theorem

- ballot theorem

- binomial theorem

- boundary theorem

- cardinality theorem

- Cauchy residue theorem

- central limit theorem

- central statistical theorem

- characterization theorem

- class existence theorem

- classical theorem

- classification theorem

- closed graph theorem
- closed range theorem
- closure theorem

- cobordism theorem

- cobweb theorem

- coding theorem

- coincidence theorem

- combination theorem

- combinatorial theorem

- compactness theorem

- comparability theorem

- comparison theorem

- compensation theorem

- complementary theorem

- completeness theorem

- composition theorem

- conductor-ramification theorem

- conservation theorem

- consistency theorem

- continuation theorem

- continuity theorem

- convergence theorem

- converse limit theorem

- converse theorem

- convexity theorem

- convolution theorem

- cosine theorem

- covering theorem

- decomposition theorem

- deducible theorem

- deduction theorem

- definability theorem

- density theorem

- descriptive theorem

- determinant theorem

- dimension theorem

- direct theorem

- distortion theorem

- divergence theorem

- dominance theorem

- double recursion theorem

- dual theorem

- duality theorem

- dynamical theorem

- edge-of-the-wedge theorem

- either-or theorem

- elementary theorem

- elimination theorem

- embedding theorem

- enclosure theorem

- enumeration theorem

- equal probability theorem

- equality theorem

- equilibrium theorem

- ergodic theorem

- exactness theorem

- excision theorem

- existence theorem

- existence theorem

- existential theorem

- expansion theorem

- explicit theorem

- extension theorem

- extreme-value theorem

- factor theorem

- factorization theorem

- faltung theorem

- fan theorem

- feasibility theorem

- Fermat's last theorem

- finiteness theorem

- five color theorem

- fixed-point theorem

- formal theorem

- formally deducible theorem
- formally provable theorem
- formation theorem

- friendship theorem

- fundamental theorem of algebra

- fundamental theorem

- fuzzy theorem

- gap theorem

- general theorem

- generalized theorem

- going-up theorem

- graphical theorem

- hierarchy theorem

- holonomy theorem

- homotopy addition theorem
- implicit function theorem
- incompleteness theorem

- index theorem

- individual ergodic theorem
- initial value theorem - integral representation theorem
- integral theorem

- integrality theorem

- integration theorem

- interchange theorem

- intermediary theorem

- intermediate value theorem

- interpolation theorem

- interpretability theorem

- interpretation theorem

- invariance theorem

- inverse function theorem

- inverse theorem

- inverse transform theorem

- inversion theorem

- isomorphism theorem

- isoperimetric theorem

- joint consistency theorem

- Karhunen-Loeve theorem

- kernel theorem

- key renewal theorem

- least-upper-bound theorem

- limitative theorem

- limiting theorem

- linearity theorem

- local description theorem
- local limit theorem
- local theorem

- local uniformization theorem

- local-global theorem

- localization theorem

- logical theorem

- main theorem

- map color theorem

- martingale convergence theorem

- martingale theorem

- matching theorem

- max-flow min-cut theorem
- maximal ergodic theorem
- maximal theorem

- maximality theorem

- maximum-modulus theorem

- mean ergodic theorem
- mean value theorem
- mean-value theorem

- measurability theorem

- metamathematical theorem

- metrization theorem

- minimax theorem

- model extension theorem

- monodromy theorem

- monotonicity theorem

- multinomial theorem

- multiplication theorem

- Nagy-Faias theorem

- negation of theorem

- negation theorem

- Nikodym theorem

- nonexistence theorem

- normal addition theorem
- normal form theorem
- normalization theorem

- Nyquist-Kotelnikov-Shannon sampling theorem

- occurrence theorem

- open mapping theorem

- operator theorem

- opposite theorem

- ordering theorem

- orientability theorem

- orthogonality theorem

- orthographic theorem

- oscillation theorem

- painting theorem

- parallel axis theorem

- parametric theorem

- parametrization theorem

- periodicity theorem

- permutation theorem

- Plancherel theorem

- pointwise ergodic theorem

- preliminary theorem

- preparation theorem

- prime number theorem

- principal theorem

- probability theorem

- product theorem

- prolongation theorem

- proximity theorem

- quantifiers elimination theorem

- quantitative theorem

- quasiergodic theorem

- random ergodic theorem
- ratio limit theorem - rational root theorem
- recurrence theorem

- recursion theorem

- reduction theorem

- reflection theorem

- regularity theorem

- relativized theorem

- renewal density theorem

- replacement theorem

- representability theorem

- representation theorem

- residue theorem

- resonance theorem

- reverse-flow theorem

- root-counting theorem

- sampling theorem

- second limit theorem
- second mean value theorem
- selection theorem

- semantical theorem

- semilocal theorem

- separation theorem

- seven color theorem

- sewing theorem

- shift theorem

- signature theorem

- similarity theorem

- similarity theorem

- similitude theorem

- single-valuedness theorem

- sinusoidal limit theorem

- six-color theorem

- soundness theorem

- special theorem

- spectral theorem

- stability theorem

- stationarity theorem

- strong theorem

- structure theorem

- substitution theorem

- subtle theorem

- summation theorem

- superposition theorem

- suspension theorem

- symmetry theorem

- syntactical theorem

- synthesis theorem

- tautology theorem

- theorem of alternatives

- theorem of choice

- theorem of closed graph
- theorem of consistency proofs - theorem of corresponding states
- theorem of mean

- theorem of numerical comparison

- theorem of residues

- theorem of sines

- theorem of total probability

- theorem of units

- Theveni's theorem

- three circle theorem
- three line theorem - three series theorem
- torsion theorem

- transference theorem

- translation theorem

- transposition theorem

- tree theorem

- triad theorem

- triple limit theorem

- truth theorem

- two constants theorem

- two triangles theorem

- ultraproduct theorem

- umbrellas theorem

- undecidability theorem

- unicity theorem

- uniform boundedness theorem
- uniform convergence theorem - uniform ergodic theorem - uniform mean value theorem
- uniformization theorem

- unique factorization theorem

- uniqueness theorem

- validity theorem

- Van Cittert-Zernike theorem

- vanishing theorem

- variant theorem

- virial theorem

- weak theorem

- well ordering theorem

- Wiener-Paley theorem

- work-kinetic energy theorem

English-Russian scientific dictionary > theorem
14 transformer

1) преобразователь

2) трансформатор

3) пищ. котёл для получения инвертированного сиропа

•

-
adapter transformer
-
adjustable transformer
-
air transformer
-
air-blast transformer
-
air-cooled transformer
-
air-core transformer
-
air-natural transformer
-
amorphous-core transformer
- arc furnace transformer -
arc-welding transformer
-
audio-frequency transformer
-
autocompounded current transformer
-
autocompounded voltage transformer
-
autoconnected transformer
-
auxiliary transformer
-
balanced-to-unbalanced transformer
-
balance-to-unbalanced transformer
-
balanced-to-unbalance transformer
-
balance-to-unbalance transformer
-
balanced transformer
-
balancing transformer
-
ballast transformer
-
banked distribution transformers
-
bar-type transformer
-
bell transformer
-
booster transformer
-
bridge transformer
-
busbar current transformer
-
capacitive voltage transformer
-
cascade transformer
-
cast resin transformer
-
center-tapped transformer
-
closed core transformer
-
code transformer
-
combined voltage and current transformer
-
compensated current transformer
-
compensated voltage transformer
-
compound-filled instrument transformer
-
constant-current transformer
-
constant-potential transformer
-
control circuit transformer
-
control transformer
-
converter transformer
-
coreless transformer
-
core-type transformer
-
coupling transformer
-
current transformer
-
decoupling transformer
-
differential transformer
-
diode-split line-output transformer
-
direct-current transformer
-
distribution transformer
-
double-stub transformer
-
double-tuned transformer
-
double-winding transformer
-
driving transformer
-
dry-type transformer
-
dry transformer
-
dry-type forced-air-cooled transformer
-
dry-type self-cooled transformer
-
E transformer
-
earthed transformer
-
earthing transformer
-
effective grounded transformer
-
EHV power transformer
-
excitation transformer
-
extra-high-voltage power transformer
-
feed transformer
-
feeder transformer
-
feeding transformer
-
filter transformer
-
five-legged transformer
-
flash transformer
-
flyback transformer
-
forced-air-cooled transformer
-
forced-oil transformer
-
frame-output transformer
-
furnace transformer
-
gas-filled transformer
-
gas-insulated transformer
-
general transformer
-
general-purpose transformer
-
grounded transformer
-
grounding transformer
-
high-potential transformer
-
high-power transformer
-
high-voltage transformer
-
horizontal-output transformer
-
house transformer
-
hydropneumatic transformer
-
ideal transformer
-
image-output transformer
-
impedance transformer
-
impedance-matching transformer
-
impulse current transformer
-
indoor transformer
-
induction voltage transformer
-
injector transformer
-
input transformer
-
instrument transformer
-
insulated-core transformer
-
insulating transformer
-
integral current transformer
-
interphase transformer
-
intervening current transformer
-
iron-clad transformer
-
iron-core transformer
-
isolating transformer
-
lightning-proof transformer
-
line regulating transformer
-
line transformer
-
linear hydraulic transformer
-
line-output transformer
-
liquid-filled transformer
-
loading transformer
-
low-power transformer
-
low-voltage transformer
-
mains transformer
-
manhole transformer
-
matching transformer
-
measuring transformer
-
micromodular transformer
-
mode transformer
-
molded transformer
-
multiratio current transformer
-
multiratio voltage transformer
-
multiwinding transformer
-
natural-draft transformer
-
network transformer
-
nonmagnetic current transformer
-
nonresonating transformer
-
oil-cooled transformer
-
oil transformer
-
oil-filled instrument transformer
-
oil-immersed forced-air-cooled transformer
-
oil-immersed forced-oil-cooled transformer
-
oil-immersed self-cooled transformer
-
oil-immersed transformer
-
oil-immersed water-cooled transformer
-
one-coil transformer
-
one-to-one transformer
-
on-load tap-changing transformer
-
open-core transformer
-
outdoor transformer
-
output transformer
-
pad-mounted transformer
-
peaking transformer
-
peak transformer
-
phase-shifting transformer
-
pole-type transformer
-
polyphase transformer
-
potential transformer
-
power transformer
-
protection current transformer
-
protection voltage transformer
-
protective transformer
-
pulse transformer
-
pulse-forming transformer
-
radio-frequency transformer
-
reactance-earthed transformer
-
reactor transformer
-
rectifier transformer
-
reducing transformer
-
regulating transformer
-
relay transformer
-
resistance-earthed transformer
-
resonance transformer
-
rotary hydraulic transformer
-
rotary transformer
-
rotatabletransformer
-
saturable current transformer
-
saturable transformer
-
saturating current transformer
-
sealed transformer
-
self-cooled transformer
-
self-protected transformer
-
series regulating transformer
-
series transformer
-
SF6-filled transformer
-
shell-core transformer
-
shell-form
-
shell-type transformer
-
shunt transformer
-
signal transformer
-
single-phase transformer
-
single-turn current transformer
-
small-power transformer
-
solidly earthed transformer
-
spare transformer
-
standard current transformer
-
standard instrument transformer
-
standard potential transformer
-
standby transformer
-
starting transformer
-
step-down transformer
-
step-up transformer
-
subdivided transformer
-
submersible transformer
-
substation transformer
-
supply transformer
-
tank transformer
-
tap-changing transformer
-
tap-changing-under-load transformer
-
tapped transformer
-
teaser transformer
-
testing transformer
-
test transformer
-
thermal transformer
-
three-circuit transformer
-
three-legged transformer
-
three-leg transformer
-
three-phase transformer
-
three-winding transformer
-
through-type current transformer
-
tool transformer
-
toroidal-coretransformer
-
toroidaltransformer
-
track-circuit transformer
-
track transformer
-
traction-feeding transformer
-
triple-wound transformer
-
tuned transformer
-
two-winding transformer
-
unbalanced-to-balanced transformer
-
unbalance-to-balanced transformer
-
unbalanced-to-balance transformer
-
unbalance-to-balance transformer
-
unearthed transformer
-
variable-ratio transformer
-
vertical-output transformer
-
voltage measuring transformer
-
voltage transformer
-
water-cooled transformer
-
welding transformer
-
window-type current transformer
-
zero-phase sequence current transformer

Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > transformer
15 Sinclair, Sir Clive Maries

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Horology, Land transport

[br]

b. 30 July 1940

[br]

English electronic engineer and inventor.

[br]

The son of G.W.C.Sinclair, a machine tool engineer, the young Sinclair's education was disrupted by the failure of his father's business. Aged 12 he left Boxgrove preparatory school and went through twelve more schools before leaving St George's School, Weybridge, at the age of 17. His first job was as an editorial assistant on a hobbyist's magazine, Practical Wireless, and his next as an editor at Bernard Books, writing a series of technical manuals. In 1961 he registered Sinclair Radionics and in the following year announced its first product, a micro-amplifier. This was the first of a series of miniaturized radio products that he put on the market while retaining his editorial job. In 1972 he launched the Sinclair Executive calculator, selling originally at £79.95 but later at £24.95. In 1976, the Black Watch, an electronic watch with digital light-emitting diode (LED) display, was marketed, to be followed by the TV1A, a miniature television with a 2 in. (5 cm) monochrome screen. During the latter part of this period, Sinclair Radionics was supported by investment from the UK National Enterprise Board, who appointed an outside managing director; after making a considerable loss, they closed the company in 1979. However, Sinclair Electronics had already been set up and started to market the UK's first cheap computer kit, the MK 14, which was followed by the ZX 80 and later the ZX 81. Price was kept at a minimum by the extensive use of existing components, though this was a restriction on performance. The small memory was enhanced from one kilobyte to seventeen kilobytes with the addition of a separate memory unit. In January 1985 Sinclair produced the Sinclair C5, a small three-wheeled vehicle driven by a washing-machine engine, intended as a revolutionary new form of personal transport; perceived as unsafe and impractical, it did not prove popular, and the failure of this venture resulted in a contraction of Sinclair's business activities. Later in 1985, a rival electronics company, Amstrad, paid £35,000,000 for all rights to existing Sinclair computer products.

In March 1992, the irrepressible Sinclair launched his latest brainchild, the Zike electric bicycle; a price of £499 was forecast. This machine, powered by an electric motor but with pedal assistance, had a top speed of 19 km/h (12 mph) and, on full power, would run for up to one hour. Its lightweight nickel-cadmium battery could be recharged either by a generator or by free-wheeling. Although more practical than the C5, it did not bring Sinclair success on the scale of his earlier micro-electronic products.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted 1983.

Further Reading

I.Adamson and R.Kennedy, 1986, Sinclair and the "Sunrise" Technology, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Sinclair, Sir Clive Maries
16 Albert, Prince Consort

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Civil engineering

[br]

b. 26 August 1819 The Rosenau, near Coburg, Germany

d. 14 December 1861 Windsor Castle, England

[br]

German/British polymath and Prince Consort to Queen Victoria.

[br]

Albert received a sound education in the arts and sciences, carefully designed to fit him for a role as consort to the future Queen Victoria. After their marriage in 1840, Albert threw himself into the task of establishing his position as, eventually, Prince Consort and uncrowned king of England. By his undoubted intellectual gifts, unrelenting hard work and moral rectitude, Albert moulded the British constitutional monarchy into the form it retains to this day. The purchase in 1845 of the Osborne estate in the Isle of Wight provided not only the growing royal family with a comfortable retreat from London and public life, but Albert with full scope for his abilities as architect and planner. With Thomas Cubitt, the eminent engineer and contractor, Albert erected at Osborne one of the most remarkable buildings of the nineteenth century. He went on to design the house and estate at Balmoral in Scotland, another notable creation.

Albert applied his abilities as architect and planner in the promotion of such public works as the London sewer system and, in practical form, the design of cottages for workers, such as those in south London, as well as those on the royal estates. Albert's other main contribution to technology was as educationist in a broad sense. In 1847, he was elected Chancellor of Cambridge University. He was appalled at the low standards and narrow curriculum prevailing there and at Oxford. He was no mere figurehead, but took a close and active interest in the University's affairs. With his powerful influence behind them, the reforming fellows were able to force measures to raise standards and widen the curriculum to take account, in particular, of the rapid progress in the natural sciences. Albert was instrumental in ending the lethargy of centuries and laying the foundations of the modern British university system.

In 1847 the Prince became Secretary of the Royal Society of Arts. With Henry Cole, the noted administrator who shared Albert's concern for the arts, he promoted a series of exhibitions under the auspices of the Society. From these grew the idea of a great exhibition of the products of the decorative and industrial arts. It was Albert who decided that its scope should be international. As Chairman of the organizing committee, by sheer hard work he drove the project through to a triumphant conclusion. The success of the Exhibition earned it a handsome profit for which Albert had found a use even before it closed. The proceeds went towards the purchase of a site in South Kensington, for which he drew up a grand scheme for a complex of museums and colleges for the education of the people in the sciences and the arts. This largely came to fruition and South Kensington today is a fitting memorial to the Prince Consort's wisdom and concern for the public good.

[br]

Further Reading

Sir Theodore Martin, 1875–80, The Life of His Royal Highness, the Prince Consort, 5 vols, London; German edn 1876; French edn 1883 (the classic life of the Prince).

R.R.James, 1983, Albert, Prince Consort: A Biography, London: Hamish Hamilton (the standard modern biography).

L.R.Day, 1989, "Resources for the study of the history of technology in the Science Museum Library", IATUL Quarterly 3:122–39 (provides a short account of the rise of South Kensington and its institutions).

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Albert, Prince Consort
17 machining

обработка, механическая обработка, механообработка, обработка резанием, обработка на металлорежущем станке

machining all surfaces at a set — обработка всех поверхностей ( заготовки) с одного установа

machining for stock — обработка деталей складского резерва

machining from solid — обработка ( детали) из целого, обработка ( детали) из целого куска

machining from the solid — обработка ( детали) из целого, обработка ( детали) из целого куска

in machining — в обработке, при обработке

machining on all faces — обработка всех поверхностей ( заготовки)

machining through all angles — обработка под любым углом, обработка изделий под любым углом

machining to close limits — обработка с жёсткими допусками; точная обработка

- 2 1/2 D machining
- 2 1/2-dimensional machining
- 3D cavity machining
- 3D machining
- abrasive belt machining
- abrasive flow machining
- abrasive machining
- abrasive-electrochemical machining
- abrasive-waterjet machining
- adaptive controlled machining
- adaptive machining
- all-over machining
- angular machining
- anode-mechanical machining
- around-the-part machining
- associative machining
- automated machining
- automotive machining
- back end machining
- back-face machining
- balanced machining
- batch machining
- batch-lot machining
- beam machining
- bore machining
- CAM machining
- C-axis machining
- center machining
- chemical machining
- chip-type machining
- close tolerance machining
- closed loop machining
- CNC horizontal machining
- CNC machining
- CNC screw machining
- composite machining
- computer-controlled machining
- consistent machining
- constant power machining
- contact-initiated discharge machining
- contact-initiated machining
- continuous path machining
- contour machining
- contouring machining
- controlled machining
- conventional machining
- copy machining
- datum machining
- deephole machining
- diamond machining
- dual-spindle machining
- duplex machining
- duplicate machining
- edge machining
- electrical discharge machining
- electrical machining
- electrical spark machining
- electrochemical machining
- electroerosion abrasive machining
- electroerosion machining
- electrolytic abrasive machining
- electrolytic machining
- electron beam machining
- electron discharge machining
- electronic erosion machining
- electrophysical machining
- electrospark machining
- etch machining
- false machining
- fast laser machining
- feature-based machining
- final machining
- final tolerance machining
- finish machining
- finished machining
- five-axis CNC machining
- five-axis machining
- five-face machining
- five-sided machining
- fixed-axis machining
- flat abrasive machining
- flexible machining
- flow-line machining
- flowthru machining
- flush fine machining
- form-feature machining
- front-end machining
- gear machining
- generative machining
- group machining
- hard-part machining
- heavy machining
- heavy-duty machining
- high-accuracy machining
- high-definition finish machining
- high-efficiency machining
- high-production machining
- high-speed machining
- high-volume machining
- horizontal machining
- horizontal mode machining
- hot machining
- hydrodynamic machining
- inclined-plane machining
- in-cycle machining
- industrial laser machining
- in-place machining
- interference-free machining
- intol/outtol machining
- ion beam machining
- jet-assisted machining
- job shop machining
- laser machining
- laser-assisted machining
- laser-beam machining
- lathe machining
- LH machining
- light-duty machining
- lights-out machining
- magnetic abrasive machining
- manual machining
- medium-duty machining
- minimum-manned machining
- mirror image machining
- multiaccess machining
- multiaxis machining
- multicell machining
- multiface machining
- multilateral machining
- multimachine machining
- multiple machining
- multiple setup machining
- multiple surface flow-line machining
- multiple-axis machining
- multiple-cutter machining
- multiple-electrode electrical discharge machining
- multiple-pass machining
- multiple-source laser machining
- multiple-workpiece machining
- multiplunge machining
- multipurpose machining
- multistage machining
- NC machining
- NF machining
- no-handwork machining
- nonturning machining
- numerical control machining
- numerically controlled machining
- off-center machining
- one-hit machining
- one-operation machining
- one-pass machining
- one-stop machining and grinding
- on-line machining
- parabolic machining
- parallel machining
- partially manned machining
- photochemical machining
- photon beam machining
- photonic machining
- pick feed traverse machining
- plasma-arc machining
- plasma-assisted machining
- plunge machining
- point-to-point machining
- post-process machining
- precision machining
- primary machining
- prismatic machining
- radial machining
- random flexible machining
- rapid machining
- rear-end machining
- RH machining
- rotary machining
- rotary transfer machining
- rotational machining
- rough machining
- roughing machining
- screw machining
- sculpture machining
- sculptured-surface machining
- secondary machining
- semifinish machining
- semi-fourth axis machining
- semiunmanned machining
- series machining
- side machining
- simultaneous fourth-axis machining
- single setup machining
- single-cutter machining
- single-pass machining
- single-point machining
- six-face machining
- six-sided machining
- slideway machining
- solids-based machining
- spark discharge machining
- spark erosion machining
- standalone machining
- straight production machining
- strip machining
- surface intersection machining
- Swiss machining
- Swiss-style machining
- tandem machining
- tapeless machining
- tapered machining
- templet-controlled machining
- test machining
- thermochemical machining
- three-axis curve machining
- three-axis machining
- three-dimensional machining
- tombstone machining
- toolroom machining
- torque-controlled machining
- total machining
- tracer machining
- transfer machining
- transfer-line machining
- trial machining
- turned part machining
- turning machining
- two-and-half axis machining
- two-at-a-time machining
- two-pass machining
- ultrafast machining
- ultrahigh speed machining
- ultrasonic abrasive machining
- ultrasonic machining
- ultrasonically assisted machining
- unattended machining
- unattended multiple-workpiece machining
- unmanned machining overnight
- unmanned machining
- unstable machining
- untended machining
- vertical machining
- vertical mode machining
- vibroabrasive machining
- waterjet machining
- waterjet-assisted machining
- wire electric discharge machining
- wire erosion machining
- wire machining

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > machining
18 run

[rʌn] 1. гл.; прош. вр. ran; прич. прош. вр. run
1)

а) бежать, бегать

to run home — бежать домой

to run upstairs — побежать наверх

to run the streets — бегать по улицам

I've got to run for my bus. — Мне пришлось побежать, чтобы успеть на автобус.

He ran the mile in under four minutes. — Он пробежал милю меньше чем за четыре минуты.

The dog ran at the visitor and bit him. — Собака бросилась на посетителя и укусила его.

I opened the door and the cat ran in. — Я открыл дверь, и в дом забежала кошка.

He ran at me and kicked me. — Он подбежал ко мне и ударил.

Would you run up and get my glasses? — Поднимись, пожалуйста, принеси мне очки.

Lots of people ran out to see what had caused the noise. — Масса народу выбежала на улицу поглядеть, из-за чего этот шум.

Don't run away, I want to talk to you. — Погоди, я хочу с тобой поговорить.

- run for it

б) бегать, передвигаться свободно, без ограничений

Let chickens run loose. — Пусть цыплята побегают на свободе.

в) быстро уходить, убегать; спасаться бегством, дезертировать

The robbers took the money and ran. — Грабители забрали деньги и сбежали.

I should have to run the country. — Мне придётся покинуть страну.

If they run their board I shall have to pay it. — Если они сбегут, не заплатив за еду, платить придётся мне.

Syn:

leave, depart, abscond, desert

2)

а) преследовать; гнать

to run a fox to cover — гнать лису в укрытие

б) заставлять (лошадь и т. п.) быстро бежать ( особенно при езде верхом), гнать, погонять

The horses were run rapidly forward to the skirmish-line. — Лошадей галопом направили к линии огня.

в) загонять

to run smb. ragged / off his legs — загонять кого-л. до изнеможения

He had almost run himself to a standstill. — Он набегался так, что не мог сдвинуться с места.

You'd never believe that woman was nearly eighty, she could run us all off our feet. — Ни за что не скажешь, что этой женщине было почти восемьдесят, она нас всех могла загонять.

г) ( run out (of)) выгонять (откуда-л.)

There's enough of us here to run you out. — Нас здесь вполне достаточно для того, чтобы тебя прогнать.

3)

а) двигать, передвигать, заставлять скользить быстро и без труда

I cook a meal for him occasionally and I run a vacuum over the place. — Время от времени я готовлю ему еду и провожу уборку с помощью пылесоса.

б) иск. двигать, перемещать ( декорации) по сцене

4)

а) быстро перемещаться; двигаться, ехать ( о транспорте)

б) ходить, курсировать, плавать (о поездах, судах и т. п.)

to run late — опоздать, прийти не по расписанию

The shuttle runs daily from New York to Boston. — Самолёты каждый день совершают регулярные рейсы Нью-Йорк - Бостон.

The trains aren't running now. — Поезда сейчас не ходят.

Syn:

go, ply

5)

а) плыть

Far ran the naked moon. — Высоко плыла беззащитная луна.

On that day she deviated from the course of the voyage and ran for Mauritius. — В тот день корабль отклонился от намеченного пути и взял курс на остров Маврикий.

We were winning the boat race until our boat ran aground on a sandbank. — Мы шли впереди всех в лодочной гонке, пока наша лодка не налетела на мель.

б) быстро плыть, идти на нерест ( о рыбе)

6)

а) управлять (транспортным средством, судном и т. п.)

They no longer run steamers there. — Они больше не водят здесь пароходы.

б) направлять ( транспортное средство)

She got back after lunch and ran the car into the garage. — Она вернулась после завтрака и поставила машину в гараж.

в) держать (двигатель, машину и т. п.) работающим, действующим

I can't collect you. I don't run a car. — Я не могу за тобой заехать. У меня не заводится машина.

7)

а) перевозить, транспортировать; доставлять к месту назначения

The engine runs trucks to and from the piers on the island. — На острове машина привозила и отвозила товары с пирса и на пирс.

б) = run across, = run along подвозить (кого-л.)

I ran Johnson back to my house. — Я отвёз Джонсона обратно к себе домой.

Don't wait for the bus in this cold weather, I'll run you across to your mother's. — Зачем тебе ждать автобуса на холоде, давай я подброшу тебя до дома твоей матери.

There's no hurry to get there; I can run you along in the car. — Незачем спешить, я подвезу тебя на своей машине.

в) перевозить, ввозить ( контрабандный товар)

8) = run over, = run up совершать краткое путешествие

During the last five years Fry had formed the habit of running over to Paris. — В течение последних пяти лет у Фрая выработалась привычка ненадолго ездить в Париж.

9)

а) (run (up)on / against / into) налетать, наталкиваться на (что-л.); сталкиваться с (чем-л.)

The boat ran (up)on the rocks. — Лодка наскочила на камни.

Guess whom I ran against in London the other day? — Угадай, с кем я на днях столкнулся в Лондоне?

б) (run against, run into) ударять, стукать обо (что-л. / кого-л.), сталкивать с (чем-л. / кем-л.)

to run one's head against the door — стукнуться головой о дверь

10)

а) двигаться, катиться (о мяче; о костях, когда их кидают)

The ball ran into the street. — Мяч выкатился на улицу.

б) ударять (по шару, особенно в бильярде), катить (шар, особенно в боулинге)

He ran the ball strongly 30ft. past the hole. — Он ударил по мячу так, что тот на 30 футов перелетел через лунку.

11) проводить, пробегать (рукой, глазами и т. п.)

She ran her fingers over the smooth material. — Она провела пальцами по гладкой ткани.

I caught myself running my glance round. — Я поймал себя на том, что мельком оглядываю всё вокруг.

She ran down the first page of her letter. — Она пробежала первую страницу письма.

His eye swiftly ran from line to line. — Его глаза быстро перебегали с одной строчки на другую.

Let's run through the whole play from the beginning. — Давайте посмотрим всю пьесу сначала.

Syn:

glance, pass, glide

12)

а) вращаться, крутиться

In which case the wheel will have liberty to run. — В этом случае колесо сможет свободно вращаться.

Syn:

revolve, turn

б) идти, крутиться (о киноплёнке, магнитной плёнке); демонстрироваться ( о фильме)

I'd been to see a film in the afternoon, and it ran longer than I expected. — Днём я пошёл посмотреть фильм, и он продолжался дольше, чем я думал.

The film began to run. — Начался фильм.

13)

а) литься, струиться, течь

The stream runs down the valley. — Поток стекает в долину.

Tears ran from her eyes. — Из глаз у неё текли слёзы.

б) ( run with) сделаться мокрым от (чего-л.)

The mud walls ran down with damp. — Грязные стены отсырели от влажности.

Syn:

flow, stream

в) протекать, течь; переполняться ( о сосудах); наполняться ( о ванне)

Syn:

leak, overflow

14) расплываться; линять (о рисунке и т. п.)

Her red blouse ran on the lighter colored clothes in the wash. — При стирке красная блузка линяла, окрашивая более светлые вещи.

15)

а) плавиться, таять, течь ( в результате таяния)

The ice cream ran in the warm sun. — Мороженое на солнце растаяло.

Syn:

dissolve, melt

б) соединяться (в один кусок, особенно во влажном или расплавленном состоянии), затвердевать ( комком)

16)

а) скользить, легко двигаться, идти гладко

The neck-halter seems to have been tarry, and did not run. — Верёвка с петлей, похоже, не была пропитана и поэтому не скользила.

б) ( run through) проводить по (чему-л.), пропускать через (что-л.)

to run a comb through one's hair — провести расчёской по волосам

to run a pen through smth. — зачеркнуть, перечеркнуть что-л. ручкой

Will you run a thread through an eyelet? — Продень нитку в иголку, будь так добр.

17)

а) простираться, расстилаться, тянуться прям. и перен.

A balustrade runs round the building. — Вокруг здания тянется балюстрада.

He was brilliantly attired in crimson pyjamas. Who would have thought his taste would run to the exotic? (S. Woods) — Он был облачён в малиновую пижаму. Кто бы мог предположить, что он дойдёт до такой экзотики?

Syn:

extend, stretch

б) тянуться, расти, обвиваться ( о растениях)

18) спорт.

а) соревноваться, участвовать (в соревнованиях, скачках)

Syn:

compete

б) проводить (бега, гонки, скачки)

The Derby has been run in a snowstorm. — Дерби проводилось во время бурана.

в) заявлять ( лошадь) на скачки

No person can run more than one horse for any plate. — На любые скачки на приз каждый может заявить только одну лошадь.

19) брать назад (слово, обещание и т. п.), расторгать, нарушать ( договор)

The contracting party may be inclined to run from his word. — Договаривающаяся сторона, возможно, захочет взять назад своё слово.

20) ( run off) не оказывать влияния на (кого-л.)

The scoldings run off him like water off a duck's back. — Его ругают, а с него всё как с гуся вода.

21)

а) преим. амер. баллотироваться, выставлять (свою) кандидатуру на выборах

Richard Roe will run for mayor. — Ричард Роу выставит свою кандидатуру на пост мэра.

How many people are running in this election? — Сколько кандидатов участвуют в выборах?

б) выставлять в качестве кандидата

22) амер. навязывать, расхваливать, рекламировать

I went with him to the house he was running for. — Я пошёл с ним к дому, который он так расхваливал.

23) быстро распространяться

A whisper ran through the crowd. — По толпе пробежал шёпот.

The news ran all over town. — Известие быстро распространилось по всему городу.

Syn:

spread

24) муз.; = run down исполнять, выводить рулады; быстро пропевать

25)

а) быстро вырастать, давая семена

б) отставать ( о коре деревьев)

26)

а) распускаться ( о петлях)

Her stocking ran. — У неё на чулке спустилась петля.

б) расстёгиваться

27) работать, функционировать

One of these little engines recently ran forty-seven days and nights without stoppage. — Один из этих маленьких моторчиков недавно проработал сорок семь суток без остановки.

The American university: how it runs, where it is going. — Американский университет: как он живёт, куда он движется.

28) крутиться, вертеться, постоянно возвращаться ( о мыслях)

phrase running in the head — фраза, которая крутится в голове

It runs in my head that I've heard something about it. — У меня вертелось в голове, что я где-то уже об этом слышал.

My thoughts have been running upon the future. — Я всё думаю о будущем.

29)

а) проходить, бежать, лететь

How fast the years run by! — Как быстро летят годы!

Life ran smoothly in its ordinary grooves. — Жизнь текла гладко в своём привычном русле.

Their talks ran on for hours. — Они говорили часами.

Syn:

elapse, pass, go by

б) кончаться

The night was almost run. — Ночь почти прошла.

Syn:

come to an end, expire

30) идти, продолжаться, длиться; быть действительным ( на определённый срок)

The lease runs for five years. — Аренда действительна на пять лет.

Syn:

continue, go on, last

31)

а) идти (о пьесе, фильме)

This film is now running at all cinemas. — Этот фильм идёт сейчас во всех кинотеатрах.

б) показывать (пьесу, фильм)

32)

а) иметь хождение, быть в обращении ( о деньгах)

б) действовать на определённой территории, распространяться на определённой территории (о законах, воззваниях)

33) быть характерным ( для членов одной семьи)

Musical ability runs in my family. — В нашей семье ярко выражены музыкальные способности.

34)

а) быть напечатанным, быть опубликованным, появиться

The story ran in all the papers. — История появилась во всех газетах.

Syn:

print, publish, display

б) печатать, публиковать

The ad was run in the paper for two days. — Объявление публиковалось в газете два дня.

35) гласить (о документе, тексте и т. п.); быть выраженным ( определённым способом)

telex running as follows — телекс следующего содержания

I know not how his proper official title ran. — Я не знаю, каков был его официальный титул.

36) = run out, = run up достигать ( определённого) количества, стоимости, доходить, равняться

Last autumn arrests of illegal immigrants were running 80 a week. — Прошлой осенью число арестов нелегальных иммигрантов доходило до 80 в неделю.

How much will the repairs run? — Сколько будет стоить ремонт?

The bill runs to $100. — Счёт составляет 100 долларов.

The prices run from $5 to $200. — Цены варьируются от 5 до 200 долларов.

The book ran into five editions. — Книга выдержала пять изданий.

The total area runs out at 25,000 square miles. — Вся область составляет 25000 квадратных миль.

The bill for the repairs might run up to $300. — Счёт за ремонт может составить около 300 долларов.

Syn:

extend, cost, amount, total

37) придерживаться ( определённых взглядов)

The members encouraged one another in running the Christian course. — Все члены поддерживали друг друга в следовании христианской религии.

38) подвергаться (опасности, риску и т. п.)

We run a danger of wasting time. — Мы рискуем потерять время.

She's not afraid to run a risk. — Она не боится риска.

Syn:

encounter, meet

39)

а) прорывать, преодолевать (какое-л. препятствие); пробиваться сквозь (что-л.)

to run the blockade — прорвать блокаду

to run the cutter — ускользать от таможенного судна

The escaped prisoners ran the roadblock. — Сбежавшие заключённые проскочили сквозь дорожно-пропускной пункт.

б) разг. проскочить ( на красный свет)

Wilson told officers the brakes of his truck failed, causing him to run a red light at the intersection. — Уилсон сказал полицейским, что у его грузовика отказали тормоза, поэтому ему пришлось на перекрёстке проскочить на красный свет.

40)

а) сшивать на скорую руку, смётывать

б) штопать для укрепления ( пятку чулка)

в) прикреплять (ленту, тесьму и т. п.), пропуская через прорези в одежде

41) ( be run) быть стеснённым (в чём-л.)

I shall be hard run unless I can get a certain sum of money. — У меня будут большие денежные затруднения, если я не достану определённую сумму денег.

Both author and artist were notoriously always run for time. — И писатель, и художник были известны тем, что у них всегда не хватало времени.

42) наседать, поджимать (в состязаниях, соперничестве)

Gloriana would run her very close on the score of beauty. — Глориана не отставала от неё по красоте.

43) преим. амер. руководить, управлять; вести (дело, предприятие и т. п.); следить (за кем-л.), контролировать

Teach me how to run the business. — Научи меня вести дела.

Why couldn't Mother let me run my own birthday? — Почему мама не разрешает мне самому организовать свой день рождения?

Our staff are highly efficient; the place runs itself almost without our interference. — У нас высококвалифицированные служащие; предприятие работает практически без нашего вмешательства.

You're my father and all that, but I'll be damned if you run me any more. — Ты мой отец и всё такое, но будь я проклят, если я ещё хоть раз позволю тебе собой командовать.

- run the show

Syn:

direct, conduct, carry on

44) ввести (кого-л.) в общество

45) амер. помогать, обеспечивать средствами к существованию

46) страдать ( от лихорадки или высокой температуры)

I was running a small fever. — У меня была небольшая температура.

I don't like her running this temperature. — Мне не нравится, что у неё такая высокая температура.

47) = run through приводить в действие, включать ( кинокамеру)

48) проводить (эксперимент, тест), проводить измерения

49) амер.; австрал.; разг. дразнить, досаждать, изводить,

Syn:

tease, nag, vex

50) разг. заявлять (о ком-л.) в полицию, передавать (кого-л.) в руки полиции

51) воен. выдвигать обвинение против (кого-л.)

52) подтасовывать, фальсифицировать

Syn:

manipulate, falsify

53)

а) вырезать ( знак), рисовать, чертить ( линию) на поверхности

б) вести, тянуть, проводить (что-л. в определённом направлении или до определённой длины)

Syn:

extend, lead, take, carry

54) прослеживать, устанавливать (параллели, сходство); проводить ( различия)

55) объединять, соединять

The events of two days have been run into one. — События двух дней были объединены в одно.

Syn:

unite, combine

56) ( run to) тяготеть к (чему-л.), иметь склонность к (чему-л.)

to run to extremes — впадать в крайности

The writer runs to descriptive details. — Этот писатель очень любит подробно описывать детали.

57) ( run to) обращаться к (кому-л., за помощью или советом)

to run to Jim for assistance — обратиться к Джиму за помощью

58) ( run to) хватать, быть достаточным для (чего-л.)

The money won't run to a car. — Этих денег не хватит на машину.

Syn:

lope, race, sprint

59) ( run with) общаться с (кем-л.); водить компанию с (кем-л.)

In his younger days he ran with some very undesirable types. — В юности он общался с некоторыми очень подозрительными типами.

60) ( run across) (случайно) встретиться с (кем-л.); натолкнуться на (кого-л. / что-л.)

I ran across my former teacher this afternoon. — Сегодня я встретил своего старого учителя.

I ran across an excellent book on history. — Я тут обнаружил замечательную книгу по истории.

61) ( run after) "бегать", ухаживать за (кем-л.)

All the girls are running after the attractive new student. — Девушки прохода не дают этому симпатичному студенту-новичку.

62) ( run into) наезжать на (что-л.), врезаться во (что-л.)

I ran into the gatepost and hurt my knee. — Я налетел на столб и повредил колено.

This lamppost looks as if it's been run into by a bus. — Этот столб выглядит так, как будто в него врезался автобус.

63) ( run into) случайно встретить (кого-л.), столкнуться с (кем-л.)

Guess who I run into in the High Street this afternoon? — Знаешь, кого я сегодня встретил на Хай-Стрит?

Syn:

bang I 2. 8), bump, barge, knock

64) ( run into) столкнуться с (чем-л. неприятным)

to run into debt — влезть в долги

65) ( run (up)on) касаться (какой-л. темы), вращаться вокруг (какой-л. темы)

His thoughts ran upon the happy times that he had spent there. — Он вспомнил о том счастливом времени, которое провёл здесь когда-то.

66) ( run over) просматривать; повторять (что-л.)

Just run over your notes before the examination. — Просто прогляди свои конспекты перед экзаменом.

67) ( run through) промотать ( деньги)

How can you have run through so much money so quickly? — Как ты мог потратить так быстро так много денег?

68) (run + прил.) становиться, делаться

The little pond ran dry. — Маленький пруд высох.

The roads ran wild. — Дороги заросли.

Some say whiskey will run a man crazy. — Некоторые говорят, что от виски человек становится психом.

- run low
- run cold
- run mad
- run hot
Syn:

become, get

69) держать, мыть ( под краном)

to run one's hands under the tap — мыть руки под краном

70) соединять ( линией или верёвкой) две точки

накапливаться, образовываться ( о долге)

It is found a great safeguard against debt not to run long accounts. — Хорошая гарантия не делать долгов - не накапливать счёта.

71)

а) ( run into) втыкать, вонзать во (что-л.)

б) ( run through) прокалывать, пронзать, протыкать (кого-л.)

Ormonde ran two of the cowards through the body. — Ормонд пронзил тела двух трусов.

72) иметь ( определённый) склад, характер, свойство, форму

His hair was brown, with a tendency to run in ringlets. — У него были каштановые волосы, имеющие тенденцию завиваться колечками.

73)

а) преим. австрал. выпускать на подножный корм (коров, овец)

Syn:

graze

б) запустить (хорька, которого держат для отлова кроликов, уничтожения крыс) в нору

74) диал. скисать, сквашиваться ( о молоке)

Syn:

coagulate, curdle

75)

а) истекать (чем-л.)

His lips, his fangs, ran blood. — С его губ, с его клыков стекала кровь.

б) выпускать

The drains will run the water out of the land. — Дренажные канавы осушат земли.

Syn:

discharge, convey

•

- run ashore
- run aground
- run foul of
- run short
- run counter
- run about
- run along
- run around
- run away
- run back
- run down
- run in
- run off
- run on
- run out
- run over
- run round
- run through
- run up
••

to run one's mouth / off at the mouth — амер.; разг. неумеренно болтать, пустозвонить

- run to form
- run off the rails
- run for luck
- run messages
- run it close
- run it fine
- run smth. close
- run smb. close
- run too far
- run the gantlope
- run oneself into the ground
- run away with the idea 2. сущ.
1)

а) бег, пробег, пробежка

five-minutes' run — пятиминутная пробежка

to go for a run — пробежаться

to keep smb. on the run — не давать кому-л. остановиться

We took a run around the track. — Мы побежали по беговой дорожке.

Syn:

running, trot, canter

б) перебежка, за которую засчитывается очко ( в крикете или бейсболе)

в) гон; забег ( на скачках)

2) короткая поездка, небольшое путешествие

Let's take a run upstate for the day. — Давай съездим на денёк за город.

Syn:

trip, excursion, journey

3)

а) плавание, переход ( особенно между двумя портами)

- run-boat

б) ж.-д. пробег (паровоза, вагона)

в) ж.-д. отрезок пути; прогон

4) прогулка быстрым шагом; пробежка ( в современном употреблении преимущественно о прогулке собак)

to give one's dog a short run — вывести собаку на короткую прогулку

Syn:

perambulation

5)

а) воен. наступательная операция, атака с моря или воздуха

б) авиа заход на цель

The aircraft is seen making its second run over the target. — Видно, как самолёт делает второй заход на цель.

- dummy run

6) авиа

а) полёт, перелёт; рейс

I was on the Sydney-Melbourne run. — Я совершал перелёт из Сиднея в Мельбурн.

б) расстояние, пролетаемое самолётом

7) выгрузка контрабандного товара ( доставляемого по морю), прибытие контрабандного товара

Keep careful watch tonight; run expected. — Будьте на страже сегодня ночью; ожидается прибытие контрабандного товара.

8) регулярный обход, объезд

paper run — разноска газет

milk run — развоз молока

At night when they had done the evening run on their traps they would return home. — Вечером после того, как они объезжали все свои ловушки, они возвращались домой.

9) амер.

а) ручей, речушка

Syn:

flow, brook, rivulet, watercourse

б) сток, водослив

Syn:

channel, overflow

в) поток, сильный прилив

10) струя песка, обвал, оползень

Syn:

slip, slide

11) потёк ( краски)

12) муз. рулада

13) период времени, полоса (удач, неудач и т. п.)

Gamblers always hope for a run of good luck. — Игроки всегда надеются, что наступит полоса удач.

We have had a long-continued run of the loveliest weather. — На длительный период установилась чудеснейшая погода.

Syn:

series, course, continuance, continuation

14) геол. простирание пласта; направление рудной жилы

15) длина ( провода)

16) амер. спустившаяся петля ( обычно на чулке)

I'm darning up a run in my old ski sweater. — Я зашиваю спустившуюся петлю на старом свитере.

Syn:

ladder

17) непрерывная серия, последовательность

18) рыба, идущая на нерест

19) подшивка ( периодических изданий)

run of the Field Newspaper from 1985 — подшивка газеты "Филд" с 1985 года

20) горн. поезд или ряд вагонеток ( в шахте)

21) ( the run) разг. приступ поноса

22)

а) фин. наплыв требований к банкам о немедленных выплатах

In July the failure of some commercial firms resulted in a run on several German banks. — В июле банкротство нескольких коммерческих фирм привело к массовому изъятию вкладов из нескольких немецких банков.

б) спрос (на какой-л. товар)

The book has a considerable run. — Книга хорошо распродаётся.

в) наплыв, скопление (покупателей и т. п.)

23) период, в который спектакль, фильм остаётся на сцене, идёт в прокате; период, в который выставка открыта для посетителей

This comedy has a lengthened run. — Эта комедия уже долго идёт на сцене.

The International Textile Exhibition closed yesterday after a run of something like six weeks. — Вчера закрылась международная текстильная выставка, которая работала около шести недель.

24)

а) ток ( жидкости); количество жидкости, протекающее в единицу времени

It was no hard run - but my 104 buckets would probably yield 40 or 50 gallons of maple sap today. — Ток был не очень обильным - однако сегодня 104 моих ведра, возможно, дали 40 или 50 галлонов кленового сока.

б) нефт. погон, фракция

25)

а) ход, работа, действие (машины, двигателя)

б) испытание, эксперимент ( особенно с помощью автоматического оборудования)

Only one experimental run to test the machinery has been made. — Для проверки оборудования было проведено только одно экспериментальное испытание.

в) информ. (однократный) проход, прогон ( программы)

26) нечто среднее, стандарт; большинство

common / general / normal / ordinary run — обычный, средний тип, класс

We've had nothing exciting - just the usual run of applicants. — У нас не происходило ничего особенного - обычные просители.

a man of mind, above the run of men — умный человек, превосходящий большинство людей

27) выводок (о детёнышах животных, птиц)

Syn:

batch, drove

28) партия товара, класс товара

The best runs of English and foreign wheat sell at full prices. — Лучшие сорта английской и иностранной пшеницы продаются по полной цене.

29) тираж

run of 3,000 copies — тираж в 3000 экземпляров

30) тропа, проложенная животными

31) нора, убежище

The kids are building a rabbit run. — Дети строят норку для кролика.

Syn:

enclosure, pen

32)

а) огороженное место ( для домашних животных)

Fowls are restricted to a narrow yard or run. — Домашние птицы содержатся в узком загоне или вольере.

б) австрал. (овечье) пастбище

в) австрал. скотоводческая ферма

33) уклон; трасса

34) ( runs) амер. место разгрузки, погрузки или сортировки вагонов, горка

35)

а) жёлоб, лоток, труба и т. п. (для воды)

б) горн. бремсберг, уклон

36) мор. кормовое заострение ( корпуса)

37) направление; тенденция развития

We shall find, I think, the general run of things to be such as I have represented it. — Я думаю, что мы обнаружим общую тенденцию развития такой, как я здесь представил.

Syn:

course, passage, tendency, direction

38) разг. свобода, возможность пользования (чем-л.)

You have the run of my office. — Вы можете свободно пользоваться моим офисом.

Then I have the run of the place entirely to myself. — Итак, это место в полном моём распоряжении.

Syn:

freedom

39) амер. переселение колонистов на новые земли

40) австрал.; новозел. стрижка овцы

••

at a run — подряд

the run of one's teeth / knife — бесплатное питание ( обычно за выполненную работу)

in the long run — в конце концов; в общем

to go with a run — идти как по маслу

to get the run — преим. австрал.; разг. быть уволенным с работы

- a run for one's money
- be on the run
- do smth. on the run
- have smb. on the run
- get smb. on the run
- keep smb. on the run 3. прил.
1) жидкий

2) мор. сбежавший, дезертировавший

run man — дезертир

3) идущий на нерест, нерестящийся ( о рыбе)

4) шотл. туго затянутый ( об узле)

5) горн. мягкий

6) диал. скисший, свернувшийся ( о молоке)

Syn:

coagulated, clotted

7) разг. контрабандный ( о товаре)

Syn:

smuggled

8)

а) растопленный

run butter — топлёное масло

б) расплавленный

run metal — расплавленный металл

run steel — расплавленная сталь

9) гонимый, преследуемый; измученный погоней, выдохшийся

Syn:

hunted, chased

10) продолжающийся, непрерывный

Syn:

continuous

11) (- run) происходящий ( определённым образом)

hard-run day of battle — день ожесточённой битвы

Nothing differs more from a true-run race than the ordinary careful gallop used in training. — Настоящие скачки кардинально отличаются от обычного аккуратного галопа при тренировке.

Англо-русский современный словарь > run
19 equivalence

1) адекватность; эквивалентность

2) равномощность

3) равносильность; равноценность; равнозначность

•

closed under equivalence — замкнутый относительно эквивалентности

equivalence of field ideals — эквивалентность идеалов поля

- absolute equivalence

- affine equivalence

- algebraic equivalence

- analytic equivalence

- arithmetical equivalence

- asymptotic equivalence

- automata equivalence

- behavioral equivalence

- biholomorphic equivalence

- bilateral equivalence

- birational equivalence

- canonical equivalence

- cardinality equivalence

- chain equivalence

- chainwise equivalence

- code equivalence

- combinatorial equivalence

- complete equivalence

- conformal equivalence

- contravariance equivalence

- deductive equivalence

- definitional equivalence

- elementary equivalence

- empirical equivalence

- equational equivalence

- equivalence of algorithms

- equivalence of axiom sets

- equivalence of bases

- equivalence of categories

- equivalence of propositions

- equivalence of representations

- essential equivalence

- exponential equivalence

- fiber homotopy equivalence

- form equivalence

- fractional equivalence

- full equivalence

- fuzzy equivalence

- general equivalence

- geometric equivalence

- homothetic equivalence

- homotopic equivalence

- integral equivalence

- kernel equivalence

- linear equivalence

- logical equivalence

- material equivalence

- monotone equivalence

- natural equivalence

- numerical equivalence

- one-one equivalence

- operator equivalence

- p-adic equivalence

- partial equivalence

- permutation equivalence

- principal equivalence

- principle of equivalence

- prohomotopy equivalence

- projective equivalence

- proper equivalence

- quantitative equivalence

- recursive equivalence

- relation of equivalence

- reversible equivalence

- semantic equivalence

- series of equivalence

- shape equivalence

- spectral equivalence

- stable equivalence

- statistical equivalence

- stochastic equivalence

- strategic equivalence

- strict equivalence

- strong equivalence

- symbol of equivalence

- syntactic equivalence

- tautological equivalence

- theory of equivalence

- topological equivalence

- unimodular equivalence

- unitary equivalence

- weak equivalence

English-Russian scientific dictionary > equivalence

См. также в других словарях:

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series in a closed form

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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series in a closed form

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